Culture and Organisation for Innovative Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Culture and Organisation for Innovative Leadership. Answer: Introduction Organisational culture is a process of shared assumptions, values and beliefs, which are followed by the staffs of an organisation. Each of the organisations develops and maintains a specific culture, which provides advices for the performance of the employees of the company. Organisational culture can be differentiated into three different ways such as traditionalism, interpretivism and critical-interpretivism.As per the statement of Sanders (2015), it can be mentioned that organisations, which follows strong business cultures, have a clear value. A strong business culture is benefitted to the organisation to operate in the service sector efficiently. Organisations will get benefits from the development of productive cultures. The employees will be able to identify the mission, vision and business objectives, which are required to achieve the business goals. On the other hand, Kamaluddin Rahman (2016) cited that some of the organisations aim to the concept of high employee motivati on and also on the consumer loyalty approach. Therefore, it can be stated that organisational culture differs from organisation to organisation. Likewise, Zara aims to the consumer satisfaction concept in their business. Their major focus is to provide priority to the consumers. On the other hand, Zara also focuses to the product innovation in order to increase their sales (Perrott, 2014). This study will highlight the major issue faced by Zara in their business.The use of Hofstede model will be discussed in this context. With the help of six dimensions of Hofstede model, an organisation can measure the organisational culture. According to Cadden, Marshall Cao (2013), values of the workers of an organisation are influenced by the business culture can also be understood. This study will also demonstrate the practices, issues or events, which are faced by the mentioned retail organisation. This study mainly focuses to identify the major cultural issue faced by Zara and also evaluate the organisational culture of Zara with the help of Hofstedes cross cultural model. Major cultural issue It can be observed that the black consumers in the Spanish fashion retailer Zaras New York outlets could be disproportionately recognised as the potential thieves. The organisation has conducted a survey on 251 employees and from the survey; it can be observed that Zara gives major focus on the white employees compared to the black employees. This proves that Zara is seeking the problem of racism. The black employees are considered as the least preferred for the promotion and also received harsher behaviour from the managers. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that this organisational behaviour also made a negative impact on the wage rate of the employees. Black coloured employees received less wage rate compared to the white skinned employees. This discrimination also made a bad impact on the consumers. In this context, it can be mentioned that black consumes are not allowed to purchase the special order. Therefore, it can be inferred that this diversification reduced the core v aluation and the equal opportunity to make satisfy to their employees (Naidoo, 2015). On the contrary, Manning Coad (2015) argued that the management of the organisation provides equivalent opportunity to the employees. Moreover, if the individuals are not satisfied with the organisational service, then the authorities aim to follow several avenues to increase the issues, which are immediately investigated and addressed. The management of Zara also added that they tried to provide best service to their consumers and would not discriminate their consumers based on their skin tonnes. Therefore, the business has successfully expanded across 88 countries and would not tolerate disparity. Greater organisational culture and business strategy is able to increase the revenue earning of an organisation. On the contrary, Wong, Tseng Tan (2014) argued that wrong business approach could reduce the overall profitability of an organisation. Zara has adopted a wrong marketing strategic approach, which is not to advertise through the traditional media (Agrawal, 2015). Therefore, the consumers are not able to know about the product specification or the price of the products. On the other hand, if the organisation has launched new products in the market, consumers are not capable to know about the products. This has reduced the sale of the products. Therefore, it can be mentioned that this has a negative impact on the revenue earning. Therefore, Manning Coad (2015) opined that marketing campaign can increase the market share of a company. On the other hand, target segment is not ideally customer loyal in this company. As per the concept of customer loyalty, the consumers are willing to purchase the products from one organisation. This proves that if the consumers are satisfied with the products of the company, then they show their interest towards the products of Zara (Naidoo, 2015). However, it can be stated that absence of marketing is the major issue faced by Zara, because customer satisfaction comes after using and purchasing the products. Without appropriate marketing segmentation, a product cannot be marketed properly and the consumers feel reluctant to purchase the products. In this point, Barber et al., (2015) opined that advertisement can expand the market of an organisation. Explanation of chosen theoretical framework Hofstedes cultural dimension theory is a framework, which can measure the cross cultural communication of an organisation. As opined by Magada Govender (2016), Hofstedes cultural dimension can explain the effect of an organisational culture on the values of the stakeholders such as consumers and the employees. This theory is also helpful to discuss the factor analysis. The efficiency of organisational culture can be measured by six dimensions. These six dimensions are such as power distance index, individualism versus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance index, masculinity versus femininity, long term orientation versus short term orientation and lastly indulgence versus restraint (Sheard, 2014). Power distance index: According to Allen Dovey (2016), this dimension describes the level and the degree in which business strategies are playing a major role within the organisation culture. In this context, the power distance index mainly aims to identify how an organisation can differentiate inequalities among the employees. Therefore, income inequalities between the employees make a negative impact on the performance of them. This will in turn reduce the overall productivity of the organisation. Therefore, it can be recommended that all employees of Zara are required to get equal remuneration. As a result, the employees will be satisfied. Individualism versus collectivism: In this index, Hofstede shows the degree, in which employees of an organisation are divided into groups. Herbert (2016) opined that this index shows the concept of I versus We. Individualism only focuses on a specific group of employees and their immediate group members. On the other hand, collectivism aims to a specific culture, which possesses and also considers the socio-economic wellbeing of a group. Hence, thiswill create a debate regarding the adaptation of individualism and collectivism in an organisation (Chumg, Cooke Seaton, 2015). If Zara follows individualism in their business, then the employees will concern only about their well-being, whereas collectivism will be beneficial to improve the well-being of all of the staffs. This will in turn improve the entire organisational culture. Masculinity versus femininity: Masculinity represents a preference in organisation for their achievement or assertiveness, and receivesawards for success in their business. It is known that retailing industry is large and it is highly competitive. On the other hand, femininity deals with the cooperation, modesty, caring for the quality of life. Gupta Kumar (2013) pointed that organisational culture around femininity encourages the performance of them. As a result, it can be stated that the women will get priority and there will not any gender discrimination in an organisation. Therefore, the women employees will not be discouraged. Uncertainty avoidance index: This index is used for avoiding the organisational uncertainty within the business. According to Bukhari Sharma (2014), with the help of this index, the employees of an organisation will embrace or avert the unexpected things and organisational risks. Uncertainty avoidance index aims to the less tolerant of organisational behaviour, which are assumed to be rigid. However, cultures with lower rating tend to be open as well as comfortable with unknowns. In this essence, it can be mentioned that Zara will like to impose fewer rules and regulations, which are highly accustomed with the organisational environment. This would increase the performance of the organisation and the productivity would be increased. Therefore, Kamaluddin Rahman (2016) argued that it is better to be risk averse compared to be risk lover during the business operation. Long term orientation versus short term orientation: This dimension is associated with the past, current and predicted future organisational challenges. In the words of Cadden,Marshall Cao (2013), each of the organisation requires to make a connection with the past in case of dealing with the organisational challenges along with the present and future. The organisation, whose performance is comparatively higher, will follow more pragmatic strategy. Nonetheless, Wong, Tseng Tan (2014) criticised that lower performing organisation has adopted the short term orientation and they do not have the economic development whereas long term orientation will maintain a higher and strong development in their business. Therefore, Zara would aim to adapt long term orientation in their organisational culture. Stronger organisational culture would reflect the employees willingness and they would like to work with the organisation. Indulgence versus restraint: As per the concept of this dimension, Hofstede showed that organisational culture can be characterised by how the employees enjoy their life, which are related with the basic and natural human drives. However, Manning Coad (2015) questioned that the poor performing organisations are associated with some strict social norms and regulations. Therefore, the above analysis shows that Hofstedes model is helpful to identify how the employees will be affected by the differentiated organisational behaviour. In addition, Hofstedes model is essential to quantify different dimensions of a culture to improve the understanding between the management and the employees of an organisation (Bukhari Sharma, 2014). An analysis of the practice, issue, event of chosen theoretical framework Spanish clothing shop Zara has store chain in nine locations, Singapore. This also proves that the people of Singapore are showing their interest to purchase the products from Zara. As opined by Chumg,Cooke Seaton (2015), Zara is the best known fashion destination to the consumers. It is the quick design procedure, which adapts rapidly the changing fashion trend and demand of the customers. In order to evaluate Singaporean organisational culture with the help of Hofstedes 6 dimension model, it can be observed that there are some good and deep driving factors of Singaporean culture compared to the other world cultures. From the figure 2, it can be noticed that the score of power distance in Singapore is 74 (Gupta Kumar, 2013). This refers that the magnitude to which comparatively lower powerfulmembers of Zara within a nation expect as well as accept the power, is distributed unequally. Power is centralised, therefore, the managers of Zara has relied on their upper management and on their rules. Subordinates expect that they would be told what they had to do. Naidoo (2015) mentioned that attitude, behaviour of the employees towards the management is formal, and communication is indirect. On the other hand, the score of individualism in Singapore is 20, which implies that the organisation in this country is belonging to a collective society. Therefore, they focus to the development of collectivism business culture rather than individualism. Zara also aimed to maintain employee loyalty within the organisation (Agrawal, 2015). Therefore, it can be inferred that the relationship between the employees and the managers is developed based on the moral basis. A high score of masculinity refers that organisational culture will be driven by competition, achievement and also by success. On the other hand, lower score of femininity indicates that the dominating value in an organisation is very high. Singapore scores 48, therefore, this implies that Zara in Singapore is at middle scale but more on the court of feminism. On the contrary, Sheard (2014) argued that the score of uncertainty avoidance in Singapore is very lower and the value is 8 in Singapore. This refers that the organisation has identified their organisational practice is fine and the organisational risk is comparatively lower in this country than the others. Therefore, they will like to accept new business challenges in future due to the presence of lower risks. Singaporean abides many regulations as they require for restructuring due to the higher Power development index. (Herbert, 2016). Moreover, the score of long term orientation in Singapore is 72. This higher score refers that cultural qualities support the long term investment in the business. They believe that long term investment can make a business successful. Lastly, the score of indulgence is 46. In this essence, Naidoo (2015) cited that comparatively weak controlled is known as indulgence whereas relatively strong control is referred as restraint. However, it is noted that it is not possible to regulate a preference on this dimension, as the intermediate score in Singapore is 46. There are three levels under the Schein model. These three levels are such as Artifacts, Espoused values and basic underlying assumptions. As per the level of Artifacts, Schein highlights that Artifacts are assumed as the surface. These aspects are easily discerned and also hard to understand. This level of Schein culture mainly aims to the dress code of the organisation. Beneath artifacts are assumed as espoused values and these are concerned about the organisational strategies, business goals and philosophies. The basic underlying level highlights that the core valuation of the business culture. This approach is completely missing in the Hofstede model. Hofstede model mainly highlight whether an organise have faith on the teamwork or on the individualism. This model also highlights the power of feminity within an organisation. However, these cultures are cannot be determined by the Schein model. With the help of basic underlying valuation, one can identify the human relationship, r eality, truth of the organisation. Therefore, in a synopsis, it can be mentioned that the basic assumption of Schein model is to highlight the organisational behaviour and the leadership style. Hofstede model in Spain: The score this culture power distance in Spain is at 57, which refers that the hierarchical distance can be accepted. In addition, it can be mentioned that employees expect that their senior would control them. Adverse feedback of the employees do not considered as lightly, therefore, it can be hard for the workers to challenge their senior with the difficulties they have faced. Therefore, the score of power distance is comparatively much lower than Singapore. In this point, it can be inferred that the seniors of the organisations in Singapore would be able to control their subordinates efficiently than Spain. The score of individualism in Spain is at 51, which proves that the organisational culture of the country is collectivist. Nonetheless, a lot of employees of Spain are considered as individualist. As the score of individualism in Singapore is 20, therefore, the organisational culture of Singapore is not like Spain and they mainly aims to the teamwork. The score of masculinity of Spain is 42; this implies that the organisational culture of Spain is of feminist type. According to Gupta Kumar (2013), it can be mentioned that dominant values within the organisational culture are caring for the others as well as the quality of life. The score of masculinity in Singapore is 48, which proves that the organisational behaviour is equal in Singapore as Spain from this point. Spain scores very high in uncertainty avoidance and the score is 86. Therefore, this implies that Spaniards would like to have rules for everything; however, they dont make their life and organisational behaviour highly complex. Therefore, Spaniards do not consider the ambiguity in case of having an organisational plan. Nevertheless, the score in Singapore is 8; this implies that Singapore is comparatively risk averse country compared to Spain. The score of long-term orientation in Spain is very lower and it is 19. Quick outcomes are highly preferable regarding the long-term critical thinking. Therefore, the Spaniards are not the future oriented when it comes to daily life style. The score of long-term orientation in Singapore is very high and the score is 72. As they are assumed to be risk averse, therefore, they are highly conscious regarding the future uncertainty. Conclusion The main concern of this study is to find out the major issue faced by Zara in their business. The employees of Zara have been facing the problem of racism within the organisational culture. In this context, it can be observed that without proper advertisement, Zara is not able to market their products in the market. Market segmentation and advertisement is essential to occupy the larger market share over the competitors. In addition, the consumers can identify the comparative advantage of Zara in their business. On the other hand, with the help of Hofstedes six dimension model, the organisation culture of Zara in the country like Singapore has described in this study. Therefore, in order to improve the organisational culture, it can be recommended that Zara does not require to make any employee discrimination, otherwise this will make an adverse impact on the subordinates. They will not willing to work with the organisation and this will reduce the performance of the organisation. References Abubakar, S. G. (2016). Examining The Culture Of An Organisation, Its Leadership Styles, Structure, Diversity Issues And Conflicts: A Case Study Of Virgin Atlantic, United Kingdom. Development, 4(2). Agrawal, A. N. (2015).Examining impact of strategic leadership on effectiveness of business organisation. Nhrd Network Journal, 16. Allen, G., Dovey, K. (2016). Action Research as a leadership strategy for innovation: The case of a global high-technology organisation. International Journal of Action Research, 12(1). Barber, J., Pallister, C., Avery, A., Lavin, J. (2015). Investigating motivations for weight loss and benefits of attending a commercial weight management organisation post-natally. Appetite, 87, 384. Biggs, S. E., Banks, T. D., Davey, J. D., Freeman, J. E. (2013). Safety leaders perceptions of safety culture in a large Australasian construction organisation. Safety science, 52, 3-12. Bukhari, S. S., Sharma, B. C. (2014). Organisation Climate, Inclusive Organisation Culture and its Influence on Organisation Effectiveness-A Study of Organisations in Jammu Region. Training Development Journal, 5(1), 40-45. Cadden, T., Marshall, D., Cao, G. (2013). Opposites attract: organisational culture and supply chain performance. Supply Chain Management: an international journal, 18(1), 86-103. Chumg, H. F., Cooke, L., Seaton, J. (2015, September). Factors Affecting Employees' Knowledge-Sharing Behaviour in the Virtual Organisation (ECKM 2015). In European Conference on Knowledge Management (p. 913). Academic Conferences International Limited. Douglas, E., Cromie, S., Leva, M. C., Balfe, N. (2014). Modelling the reporting culture within a modern organisation. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 36, 589-594. Gupta, S., Kumar, V. (2013). Sustainability as corporate culture of a brand for superior performance. Journal of World Business, 48(3), 311-320. Herbert, I. (2016). The transformation of the finance function through new organisation models. Hough, G. (2016). 3 The organisation of social work in the customer culture. Transforming Social Work Practice: Postmodern Critical Perspectives. Kamaluddin, A., Rahman, R. A. (2016). Enhancing organisation effectiveness through human, relational and structural capital: an empirical analysis. Malaysian Accounting Review, 8(1). Magada, T., Govender, K. (2016, April). The Relationship among Leadership, Organisation Culture, and Performance: A South African Public Service Organization Perspective. In ICMLG2016-4th International Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance: ICMLG2016 (p. 210). Academic Conferences and publishing limited. Manning, J. C., Coad, J. (2015). G217 Transforming childrens nursing within a healthcare organisation through an innovative leadership approach. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(Suppl 3), A92-A92. Meena, S. (2014). A study on impact of organisational culture on organisation development on emphasis on work culture in bpo industry. Naidoo, G. S. (2015). An evaluation of the risk culture at management level in a South African government organisation (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South Africa), Vaal Triangle Campus). Perrott, B. (2014). The sustainable organisation: Blueprint for an integrated model. Journal of Business Strategy, 35(3), 26-37 Sanders, K. (2015). Radical librarianship: the politics and mechanics of DIY culture, and how librarianship might be able learn from grassroots organisation. Senarathna, I., Warren, M., Yeoh, W., Salzman, S. (2014). The influence of organisation culture on E-commerce adoption. Industrial Management Data Systems, 114(7), 1007-1021. Sheard, D. (2014). Achieving culture change: a whole organisation approach. Nursing And Residential Care, 16(6), 329-332. Wong, W. P., Tseng, M. L., Tan, K. H. (2014). A business process management capabilities perspective on organisation performance. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 25(5-6), 602-617.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among Australian Young Adults

Question: Discuss about the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among Australian Young Adults. Answer: Introduction: Mental disorders have always been treated as a social taboo in our otherwise highly advanced society. Millions of people suffer from some form of mental disorder worldwide and the majority of them are discriminated at by the societal structure (Aupperle et al., 2012). Hence, it becomes essential for the health care system to take the responsibility of promoting the quality of life in the population that suffers from some or other form of mental disorders. Studies suggest that stress related disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders in the current scenario targeting mostly the generation of young adults. The most frequent of theses stress related disorders are the post traumatic stress disorders. This report is designed to present a rationale on the complexities of the post traumatic stress disorders and why there is need for prioritizing this disorder in the young adult generation (Kumar Preetha, 2012). Post trauma stress disorder: Post traumatic stress disorder or PTSD as commonly known can be described as the set of reactions generated in the individuals after they have experienced a traumatic event that had threatened or had the potential to threaten their safety and wellbeing (Gospodarevskaya, 2013). A traumatic vent can be anything; it can be an accident, a natural disaster or a physical, warfare and emotional or sexual assault and torture. The symptoms to this disorder may begin within a timeframe that is different for different people, however, it generally starts within month of going a traumatic event (Gospodarevskaya, 2013). The symptoms of the PTSD can be intrusive memorise where the victim might experience recurring and unwanted visions of the traumatic events giving the victim the impression of reliving it over and over again. Another of the symptoms can be the avoidance that the victim will show to any activity that may remind him or her about the unfortunate event. PTSD can effectively impart pes simism and alter the emotional reaction of the victim. All these symptoms intensify over time and lead the victim towards social seclusion and chronic depression (Kandalaft et al., 2013). Consequences: Survey studies suggest that 5 to 10 percent of all Australian population suffer from stress disorder at some point of their lives, and the maximum are the age group of 18 to 30 years. Studies suggest that the majority of youngsters that suffer from the post traumatic stress disorder, have experienced some drastic event in their childhood or teenage (Kearns et al., 2012). In most of the cases it is either a torturous sexual assault or a bloodlust crime they witnessed. These events lead to depression and an extreme case of social seclusion and self harming tendencies in the later years. The rate of the victims to PTSD is increasing alarmingly everyday and has become a rising concern for the health care system. The society is losing a vast majority of their young population due to increasing suicide rates and these mental disorders can be a prime cause to it (Kearns et al., 2012). Health care system has long overlooked the mental stress related disorders and time has come for them to take the issue seriously to stop innocent lives getting lost due to the lack of proper help. Studies suggest that early intervention and treatment coupled with periodic counselling can help the victim tremendously if given to the needy at the right time. Therefore, it is clear that the need to prioritize the treatment options and benefits for the PTSD victims along with proper health promotion programs can diminish the issues in the bud and can help the victims regains the control to their life (Wilson, Smith Johnson, 2013). Relevance to the current priorities: We are no stranger to the fact that health care system has advanced and diversified significantly over the years and it no longer is what it used to be years ago. Health care is now focussed, patient-centred and patient-friendly to a large extent, oriented towards the demand of the current trends and issues commendably (Kumar Preetha, 2012). With the increasing number of super speciality facilities focussed on catering to a particular heath abnormality providing the best care possible with the convenience of the patients at the centre of it. A number of health care priorities have been identified in the national health priority areas in Australian health care. These priorities include cancer care, cardiovascular care, injury care, mental health, diabetes, asthma, obesity, musculoskeletal conditions and dementia. Each sector receives specialised care and campaigning with extra emphasis on prevention rather than stressing on the aftermath (Kearns et al., 2012). In this context post traumatic stress related disorder should also avail priority in the health care, as it has become one of the emerging health care concerns among the Australian young adults. It should include subjective approach focussed on the patient satisfaction and wellbeing to significantly eradicate the increasing rates of PTSD victims (Kumar Preetha, 2012). Debates and issues: There is substantial consensus regarding the existing care and treatment options and efficacy of them considering the present scenario. The most important element to these contrasting opinions can be due to the difference in reaction to a traumatic event in different people. It has to be considered that post trauma stress is one of the most abundant diagnoses in the field of psychiatry. It is inevitable that there will be argument over what treatment plan should gain priority when discussing PTSD disorder when different patients respond to different types of treatment (Kumar Preetha, 2012). Moreover, the outlook of the society toward anything abnormal is seclusion and discrimination, which worsens the situation for a PTSD victim. According to the Eriksons theory along the journey of an individuals life there are a number of conflicts that they need to overcome, such as shame and doubt and guilt and inferiority that plagues the mind until the individual loses sense of self worth (Wilson, Smith Johnson, 2013). Determinants and risk factors: The success of a broad scale program to target a key health care concern depends on different factors, called determinants. These determinants can be the response of the patients to the treatment, the constraints that are present to interfere with the successful implementation of the programs and the risk factors associated with the issue (Lee, Fang Luo, 2013). Firstly the victims to PTSD take years to seek the help of the treatment options if they even take it, which can seriously alter the effectiveness of the treatment if it is delayed to a large extent. The sufferers of mental disorders face a lot of societal shaming, and that can be a contributing factor to their aversion to seeking help. Furthermore, most of the patients do not get past their deep rooted apprehension and cannot communicate freely with their counsellor, which lessens the efficacy and response of the patients to the treatment. Lastly there are a number of risk factors associated with the issue (Lee, Fang Luo, 2013). The risk factors associated with disease are the likelihood of the long term sufferers progressing depression and anxiety, substance abuse, feeding disorders and most importantly suicidal tendencies. Target group: It has been discussed above that the young adult generation suffer more from post trauma stress than the rest of the age groups. It is said that this particular age range witnesses a lot of changes and transitions, this is the age range where an individual start their career and takes up a number of responsibilities and try to explore, and there can be unwanted traumatic experiences (Bisson et al., 2013). For example, almost 59% of the young generation is more prone to recklessness and hence they experience much more trauma than the rest. It is only likely that they receive the spotlight in the PTSD treatment program. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the patients who gather enough courage to seek help for a mental disorder that has stemmed from a traumatic experience, and often they are too delayed. Focussing the treatment program on the young generation will ensure that they get the help in the earlier stages which can gain much better results from the treatment (Searcy, 201 2). Health promotion strategies: The treatment plan available for the PTSD sufferers in Australia are provided by the ADF and other health care facilities, and in the private hospitals under the discretion of the Department of Veterans Affairs including a combination of medication and counselling therapies, however, there is need for more improved and focussed strategies, such as, There is need for building healthy public policies, utilizing psychological debriefing, pharmacological treatment, and psychosocial interventions (Weathers et al., 2013). The nest strategy should be creation of supportive environments for the sufferers Another key area in the health promotion should be involving community action into creating supportive environment for the sufferers so that they can freely communicate about their issues without fear of being ashamed (Roden Jarvis, 2012). Large scale psychological checkups should also be conducted in case of a traumatic catastrophe that involves a large group of people so that they can develop skills beforehand to combat any stress disorders (Wilson, Friedman Lindy, 2012). Lastly there is need for reorganizing health care towards preventative measures, incorporating workshops and group sessions involving young adults in office premises, university campuses so that help gets to them before they have to seek help. Conclusion: There are a lot of facts and factors that influence the measures and their outcomes in case of mental disorders in the society. The treatment procedures have undoubted advanced to help the victims overcome the restriction that the mental disorders can pose. Health care priorities are a step in this direction to ensure that there is enough emphasis on areas that have been vastly previously ignored. Nonetheless, the emphasis should include the realistic issues that are more likely to be found in the general mass like PTSD. Promoting health care prioritization of such societal taboos will not only ensures that the health care is much more approachable and relatable to the victims but will also be the drive that will change the societys vision towards mental sicknesses. References: Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., Paulus, M. P. (2012). Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 686-694. Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post?traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. The Cochrane Library. Gospodarevskaya, E. (2013). Post-traumatic stress disorder and quality of life in sexually abused Australian children. Journal of child sexual abuse, 22(3), 277-296. Kandalaft, M. R., Didehbani, N., Krawczyk, D. C., Allen, T. T., Chapman, S. B. (2013). Virtual reality social cognition training for young adults with high-functioning autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(1), 34-44. Kearns, M. C., Ressler, K. J., Zatzick, D., Rothbaum, B. O. (2012). Early interventions for PTSD: a review. Depression and anxiety, 29(10), 833-842. Kumar, S., Preetha, G. S. (2012). Health promotion: An effective tool for global health. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 37(1), 5. Lee, R. D., Fang, X., Luo, F. (2013). The impact of parental incarceration on the physical and mental health of young adults. Pediatrics, 131(4), e1188-e1195. Roden, J., Jarvis, L. (2012). Evaluation of the health promotion activities of paediatric nurses: Is the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion a useful framework?. Contemporary nurse, 41(2), 271-284. Searcy, C. P. (2012). Pharmacological prevention of combat-related PTSD: a literature review. Military medicine, 177(6), 649. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD. Wilson, J. P., Friedman, M. J., Lindy, J. D. (Eds.). (2012). Treating psychological trauma and PTSD. Guilford Press. Wilson, J. P., SMITH, W., Johnson, S. K. (2013). A Comparative Analysis of PTSD Among Various. Trauma and its wake, 1, 142.

Sample Literary Analysis Essay For Sons and Lovers

Sample Literary Analysis Essay For Sons and LoversSample literary analysis essay for Sons and Lovers will serve as an excellent platform for students. It will provide them a real idea of the kind of essay, which can be written in such a case. It will also give them an idea of the course material which is commonly used in such a case.Many students, who have not followed a particular course, struggle with writing essays. So, it is highly important to find a guide that will enable them to write a complete essay. There are many guides available in the market and you can choose the one which best suits your requirement. But, before choosing a guide, you need to do some research on it so that you will get the most suitable one. Here are some sample literary analysis essay for Sons and Lovers.As per the sample, this is a basic book which can be used for a basic essay. In such a case, you need to start off with an introduction that will help you build up the foundation of the essay. You need to examine the structure of the article as well so that you will be able to construct an idea about the essay which can be written in a similar manner.After having the introduction, you need to analyze the content of the essay so that you will be able to understand the essay completely. You need to make some notes in this essay which will help you in constructing the proper structure of the essay. You can make some outlines for this work so that you will be able to proceed with the required practice and revision of the essay.After the analysis, you will need to write the contents of the essay. In this case, you need to make a list of all the points that are of importance to this essay. It is not necessary to include all the points as you can choose to leave some out from time to time. This will help you in writing a perfect essay.When you have completed writing the literary analysis essay for Sons and Lovers, you need to re-arrange the structure so that you will be able to discuss the contents effectively. This will help you in writing a proper essay. Some literary analysis essays have specific format and there are few guides that will help you in writing a perfect essay.There are several advantages of writing a literary analysis essay for Sons and Lovers. The first advantage is that you will be able to choose the appropriate material. By making a comparison between different materials, you will be able to know about different aspects of the subject. This will help you in writing a more creative essay which can be used in a college exam.

To Do It Or Not To Do It. . . Essays - Television, COPS,

To Do It Or Not To Do It. . . Does antbody really listen to the real issues of sex? No, they want to test it out on their own and most don't care about HIV, AIDS, or STD's. I am here to inform the reading audience of this serious issue. Yeah, I was young, I wanted to experiment, but it was the dumbest thing I ever did. I wound up pregnant with a daughter and found out, while giving birth at the age of 15, that I had herpes. I was mortified. I was ashamed. And, most of all, I couldn't bare talking to the father of my child so I just left the state and moved to Canada. It wasn't until the cops found me and told me the father of my child was suing me for custody of my child and made charges against me for kidnapping our child. This terrifying experience landed me in jail for 10 years and 6 months, giving custody to the father and permanently destroying my life. I am here to give a shout out to all those who are intrigued by the sexual world, please get yourself and the partner you plan on doing it with checked out b efore you go on. It will help even if you both are so certain that nothing is wrong. That's what happened with us. Bibliography My own conscience Human Sexuality

Free Essays on Debunking The Myth Of Global Warming

Debunking the Myth of Global Warming At various times since WW II warnings were sounded about the Earth entering another ice age. As a matter of fact, until the mid-seventies, average Northern Hemisphere temperatures actually went down, but by less than one degree Celsius ("Global Warming Treaty" 1-2). In the seventies, a number of scientists took this bit of data and predicted dire consequences for the Earth. The popular press picked up on this, and even Science magazine stated in 1975 "the approach of a full-blown 100,000-year ice age [was] a real possibility" (Shackleton 28). Although most Americans believe that humans cause global warming, there are many scientists who believe global warming is only a natural cycle. Since the 1970's, temperatures have gone up again, and the tiny decrease in temperatures since WW II has now been replaced with an equally tiny increase in nighttime global temperatures. Nighttime global temperatures have risen about 0.065 degrees Celsius, according to measurements by Tiros II, a temperature measuring satellite ("Instant" 5). So what happens? The doom and gloom about another ice age is replaced with the doom and gloom about global warming. What people are seeing now and what people were seeing then are merely natural variations in temperatures around the globe. They are due to natural variations in all kinds of variables, including solar flares. Greenhouse gases allow incoming solar radiation to pass through the Earth's atmosphere, but prevent most of the outgoing infrared radiation from the surface and lower atmosphere from escaping into outer space. Many gases exhibit such â€Å"greenhouse† properties, including those that occur naturally in the atmos phere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This process occurs naturally and has kept the Earth's temperature about 60 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it would otherwise be. Current life on Earth could not be sust... Free Essays on Debunking The Myth Of Global Warming Free Essays on Debunking The Myth Of Global Warming Debunking the Myth of Global Warming At various times since WW II warnings were sounded about the Earth entering another ice age. As a matter of fact, until the mid-seventies, average Northern Hemisphere temperatures actually went down, but by less than one degree Celsius ("Global Warming Treaty" 1-2). In the seventies, a number of scientists took this bit of data and predicted dire consequences for the Earth. The popular press picked up on this, and even Science magazine stated in 1975 "the approach of a full-blown 100,000-year ice age [was] a real possibility" (Shackleton 28). Although most Americans believe that humans cause global warming, there are many scientists who believe global warming is only a natural cycle. Since the 1970's, temperatures have gone up again, and the tiny decrease in temperatures since WW II has now been replaced with an equally tiny increase in nighttime global temperatures. Nighttime global temperatures have risen about 0.065 degrees Celsius, according to measurements by Tiros II, a temperature measuring satellite ("Instant" 5). So what happens? The doom and gloom about another ice age is replaced with the doom and gloom about global warming. What people are seeing now and what people were seeing then are merely natural variations in temperatures around the globe. They are due to natural variations in all kinds of variables, including solar flares. Greenhouse gases allow incoming solar radiation to pass through the Earth's atmosphere, but prevent most of the outgoing infrared radiation from the surface and lower atmosphere from escaping into outer space. Many gases exhibit such â€Å"greenhouse† properties, including those that occur naturally in the atmos phere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This process occurs naturally and has kept the Earth's temperature about 60 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it would otherwise be. Current life on Earth could not be sust...

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Finance - Essay Example ormula also clearly generated risk associated with the investment and thus shows the possible measures to take in a given risk scenario in an investment. This is a financial field which proposes the use and application of psychology based theories which are used to explain the anomalies in the stock market. In this context, the assumption in behavioral finance is the characteristics of market participants and the information structure which systematically influences the investments individual decision in the market outcome. This evident in various stock exchange markets which investors have assumed on making the best decisions. In this area, there are numerous incidents of this phenomenon in the security market which contradicts the market hypothesis in the investor’s rationality. In this context, the behavioral finance hypothesis seems to attempt to cover and replace the investment void. In any investment, this theory states that it is totally impossible to beat the market due to the efficiency of the stock market which makes the existing shares to incorporate and thus reflecting the information which is relevant in accordance to this theory. It is therefore the investor purchases the undervalued stocks or eventually sells out the stock in inflated prices. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Definition | Investopedia." Investopedia - Educating the world about finance. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2013.

How Should Organizational Information Systems Be Audited for Security Essay

How Should Organizational Information Systems Be Audited for Security - Essay Example S. General Accounting Office; Mandol and Verma; Cert-In; Stanford University; Davis). At the present, businesses should take a number of steps in an attempt to formulate or improve an IS security audit facility. For instance, organizations must clearly outline their business goals and aims. After that, the business should evaluate its own information security audit readiness. However, this kind of evaluation requires from organizations to recognize a variety of matter such as reporting limitations, legal problems, the audit situation, security and safety vulnerabilities, abilities automated tools and associated costs. Additionally, it is essential for the organizations to plan how to decide what information systems security audit projects should be performed for instance both stand-alone information system security audit projects and those projects which require support from the information systems security audit potential. Thus, when the planning stage is successfully completed, bus inesses should be able to connect the aims and objectives selected in the initial phase to the tasks required for their completion. On the other hand, all through the process, businesses should not ignore the resources exist on the Web intended for research and training (U. S. General Accounting Office; Mandol and Verma; Cert-In; Stanford University; Davis). Moreover, making a decision regarding organization’s aims and objectives for developing or improving an information system’s security audit capability will support them in determining and understanding the varieties of skills, tools and training required to carry out this process. In this scenario, it is essential for the organizations to define objectives and aims earlier without initial recognition like that how and by whom the business aims and objectives would be convened (for instance, whether organization resources would be contractor, in-house, shared staff or a number of combinations). In addition, establis hment of temporary milestones will facilitate in attaining a staged accomplishment of organization’s desired policy. Additionally, while constructing an information system security audit potential, administration should review the organization’s information systems security audit willingness by keeping in mind the applicable issues. In this scenario, the implementation of a baseline by recognizing powers and faults will facilitate an organization to choose a most excellent system to proceed (U. S. General Accounting Office; Mandol and Verma; Cert-In; Stanford University; Davis). Moreover, the process of tackling information security risks varies and depends on the nature of the processing carried out by the business and sensitivity of the data and information which is being processed. However, to completely judge these issues and risks, the auditor should completely understand information about the business’s computer operations and major applications. In this s cenario, a most important part of planning to produce or improve a successful information systems security audit potential can encompass activities such as assessing the present staff’s skills, knowledge and capabilities to decide what the audit capability is at the present and what knowledge