Workplace Discrimination Prohibited by Title VII Laws

Working environment Discrimination Prohibited by Title VII Laws Title VII is the part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which shields a person from business separation based on race, shading, religion, sex, or national cause. In particular, Title VII precludes businesses from employing, declining to recruit, terminating, or laying off a person because of those variables. It additionally causes unlawful any endeavor to isolate, to order, or breaking point the chances of any workers for reasons identified with any of the abovementioned. This incorporates advancement, pay, work preparing, or some other part of business. Title VIIs Significance to Working Women As to sex, working environment separation is illicit. This incorporates oppressive practices that are conscious and deliberate, or those that take on a more subtle structure, for example, unbiased employment strategies which lopsidedly reject people based on sex and that are not work related. Likewise illicit are any business choices dependent on generalizations and suspicions in regards to the capacities, attributes, or the presentation of a person based on sex. Inappropriate behavior and Pregnancy Covered Title VII additionally offers assurance to people who experience sex-based segregation that appears as inappropriate behavior including direct demands for sexual favors to work environment conditions that make an unfriendly situation for people of either sex, including same sex provocation. Pregnancy is likewise ensured. Revised by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Title VII denies separation based on pregnancy, labor and related ailments. Assurance for Working Mothers As indicated by the Georgetown University Law Center: Courts have decided that Title VII restricts boss choices and strategies dependent on an employer’s generalized impression that motherhood...are inconsistent with genuine work. Courts have found, for instance, that the accompanying behavior damages Title VII: having one arrangement for recruiting men with preschool matured kids, and another for employing ladies with preschool matured kids; neglecting to advance a representative on the suspicion that her childcare obligations would shield her from being a solid director; offering support credits to workers on incapacity leave, yet not to those on pregnancy-related leave; and requiring men, yet not ladies, to exhibit handicap so as to meet all requirements for childrearing leave. LGBT Individuals Not Covered In spite of the fact that Title VII is wide-going and covers numerous work environment issues looked by ladies and men, it is imperative to take note of that sexual direction isn't secured by Title VII. Consequently lesbian/gay/indiscriminate/transgender people are not secured by this law if unfair practices by a business happen that are identified with apparent sexual inclinations. Consistence Requirements Title VII applies to any business with at least 15 representatives in both the general population and private area including bureaucratic, state and nearby governments, work organizations, worker's guilds, and preparing programs.

Individualistic Countries free essay sample

The Rise of Collectivism â€Å"Harmony And The Dream† by David Brooks underscores that the perfect of collectivist social orders like China become more engaging than singular social orders. Streams characterizes Americans as people and Asians as settings by certain examinations. There are clear contrasts between individualistic nations and aggregate social orders. The previous underlines rights and protection, however the later lean toward congruity and obligation. The creator additionally records the case of the initial function in Beijing. The model shows that agreeable society added to the quick speed of China. Along these lines, the impact of amicability is bigger than the effect of American Dream. â€Å"If you show an American a picture of a fish tank, the American will as a rule depict the greatest fish in the tank and what it is doing. In the event that you request that a Chinese individual depict a fish tank, the Chinese will for the most part portray the setting wherein the fish swim.† Brooks utilizes correlation with clarify the various perspectives among American and Chinese. We will compose a custom exposition test on Individualistic Countries or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Americans give more consideration to the one and only one, however Chinese spotlight on the specific circumstance. The model encourages us to comprehend the partition between independent mindset and collectivist attitude. Definition is additionally utilized in the article. â€Å"The individualistic nations will in general put rights and protection first. Individuals in aggregate social orders will in general worth amicability and duty.† This definition develop the comprehension of contrasts and shows the proposition of the article. The last one is change. Before paragraph12, the creator inclines toward Eastern collectivist social orders. Be that as it may, Brooks likewise portrays the reasons why independence can clear the field. The creator thinks subliminal impacts and penetrability of human’s cerebrum are two characters. Western individuals are profoundly impacted by independence. Taking everything into account, Brooks will in general affirm the perfect of aggregate group. He additionally concedes the accomplishment of western independence.

What did the War of 1812, in terms of the international community, Essay

What did the War of 1812, as far as the worldwide network, accomplish for the United States of America - Essay Example John B. Hoey composes, â€Å"The War of 1812 has†¦.. at long last won a brave triumph that approved national establishments and foretold the development and extension of the youthful Republic.†(Hoey) Congress pronounced war and it was pushed onto a country that was ill-equipped. In spite of the fact that U.S. powers were numerically better as thought about than the adversary, it was not in a situation to win convincingly. Monetarily powerless country settled on arranged harmony to end the impasse. American guard foundation fizzled and their computations went haywire. Different outcomes of war were the affirmation of the outskirt among Canada and United States and it finished the plans of America to add Canada. With the end of British help to the Indian clans the possibility of Indian Confederacy finished. War changed assembling in a major manner and U.S. won the regard of the worldwide

Heavy Water Facts

Substantial Water Facts Substantial water is deuterium monoxide or water in which at least one of the hydrogen particles is a deuterium molecule. Deuterium monoxide has the image D2O or 2H2O. It is now and again alluded to just as deuterium oxide. Here are realities about overwhelming water, including its compound and physical properties. Substantial Water Facts and Properties CAS number 7789-20-0 sub-atomic equation 2H2O molar mass 20.0276 g/mol accurate mass 20.023118178 g/mol appearance light blue straightforward fluid smell scentless thickness 1.107 gm/cm3 liquefying point 3.8C breaking point 101.4C atomic weight 20.0276 g/mol fume pressure 16.4 mm Hg refractive record 1.328 thickness at 25C 0.001095 Pa s explicit warmth of combination 0.3096 kj/g Overwhelming Water Uses Overwhelming water is utilized as a neutron arbitrator in some atomic reactors.Deuterium oxide is utilized in atomic attractive reverberation (NMR) spectroscopy in watery arrangements including the investigation of a hydrogen nuclide.Deuterium oxide is utilized in natural science to name hydrogen or to follow responses including water.Heavy water is frequently utilized rather than customary water in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) of proteins.Heavy water-directed reactors are utilized to create another isotope of hydrogen - tritium.Heavy water, made utilizing deuterium and oxygen-18, is to test human and creature metabolic rates by means of the doubly named water test.Heavy water has been utilized in a neutrino identifier. Radioactive Heavy Water? Numerous individuals expect overwhelming water is radioactive in light of the fact that it utilizes a heavier isotope of hydrogen, is utilized to direct atomic responses, and is utilized in reactors to frame tritium (which is radioactive). Unadulterated overwhelming water isn't radioactive. Business grade substantial water, much like normal faucet water and some other characteristic water, is somewhat radioactive in light of the fact that it contains follow measures of tritiated water. This doesn't present any kind of radiation chance. Substantial water utilized as an atomic force plant coolant contains essentially more tritium since neutron siege of the deuterium in overwhelming water now and again shapes tritium. Is Heavy Water Dangerous To Drink? Albeit overwhelming water isnt radioactive, its still not an extraordinary thought to drink an enormous volume of it in light of the fact that the deuterium from the water doesnt act a remarkable same route as protium (a typical hydrogen isotope) in biochemical responses. You would not experience the ill effects of taking a taste of substantial water or drinking a glass of it, however in the event that you just drank overwhelming water, youd supplant enough protium with deuterium to endure negative wellbeing impacts. Its assessed you would need to supplant 25-half of the ordinary water in your body with overwhelming water to be hurt. In well evolved creatures, 25% substitution causes sterility. half substitution would murder you. Remember, a significant part of the water in your body originates from the food you eat, not simply water you drink. Likewise, your body normally contains modest quantities of overwhelming water and each littler measure of tritiated water. Essential Reference: Wolfram Alpha knowledgebase, 2011.

Kennan, George Frost

Kennan, George Frost Kennan, George Frost, 1904â€"2005, U.S. diplomat and historian, b. Milwaukee, Wis., grad. Princeton, 1925. A brilliant strategist and among the most influential and intellectual Americans in the 20th-century Foreign Service, he served from 1927 in various diplomatic posts in Europe, including Geneva, Hamburg, Riga, Berlin, Prague, Lisbon, and Moscow. Kennan was perhaps the first senior U.S. diplomat to recognize the dangers inherent in the Soviet system and its aims. From his post in Moscow he sent his Long Telegram (1946), which with his 1947 Foreign Policy article (published under the pseudonym X) was pivotal in the establishment of the U.S. cold war policy of Soviet containment (rather than military confrontation) that ultimately won that conflict. In 1947 he became chairman of the policy-planning staff of the State Dept., and contributed to the development of the Marshall Plan . He also was influential in the development of what became the Central Intelligence Agency's clandestine service. Later (1949â€"50) he was one of the chief advisers to Secretary of State Dean Acheson , but increasingly he disagreed with those in the government who emphasized the military aspects of containment, believing that Soviet expansion should be contained more through political and economic means. Kennan was appointed ambassador to the USSR in 1952, but was recalled at the demand of the Soviet government because of comments he made on the isolation of diplomats in Moscow and on the campaign that Soviet propagandists were conducting against the United States. Retiring from the diplomatic service in 1953, he joined the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, N.J., and from 1956 until 1974 was a professor at its school of historical studies. In the late 1950s he became an advocate of the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Western Europe and of Soviet forces from the satellite countries. From 1961 to 1963 he served as U.S. ambassador to Yugoslavia, and in the mid-1960 s he opposed U.S. involvement in Vietnam, regarding the conflict there as peripheral to U.S. interests. In general, he opposed the militarization and aggressiveness that tended to characterize American foreign policy at the time, and during the 1970s and 80s he frequently expressed his fear of the dangers of nuclear weaponry. Kennan was also a pioneer in his concern for the ravaging of the environment and the perils of overpopulation. His more than 20 noteworthy books include American Diplomacy, 1900â€"1950 (1951), Soviet-American Relations, 1917â€"1920 (2 vol., 1956â€"58; Vol. I, Pulitzer Prize), Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin (1961), Nuclear Delusion (1982), and At a Century's Ending (1996). See George F. Kennan and the Origins of Containment, 1944â€"1946: The Kennan-Lukacs Correspondence (1997) and J. Lukacs, ed., Through the History of the Cold War: The Correspondence of George F. Kennan and John Lukacs (2010); F. Costigliola, ed., The Kennan Diarie s (2014); his memoirs (2 vol., 1967â€"72; Vol. I, Pulitzer Prize) and the autobiographical Sketches from a Life (1989); biographies by J. Lukacs (2007) and J. L. Gaddis (2011); N. Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove: Paul Nitze, George Kennan, and the History of the Cold War (2009). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The Construction of Identity in Mother Night Character Analysis - Literature Essay Samples

In todays society, almost anything is possible to achieve, a fact that makes it so that nothing is ever as it appears. Things change constantly, whether we agree with such changes or not. This idea is especially notable in the people of the modern world, who undergo phases in life when they change who they have become to then truly discover who they were meant to be. In Kurt Vonneguts Mother Night, there are several characters that create various identities for themselves for various reasons. It is imperative to understand why characters pretend to be something they are not in order to understand how it can affect someone internally, and how becoming fixated with remaining loyal to your country or leaving behind an old life can lead to a characters demise. Howard Campbell was the prime character that had duel identities. His intentions can be immediately questioned because he grew up in Germany, and serving as an American spy never made sense because he was no longer familiar with the American culture. This is supported when Campbells â€Å"Blue Fairy Godmother† Frank Wirtanen confuses him for being an Englishman due to the way he spoke. Campbells change in identities challenged his way of living. Prior to becoming an American spy, Campbell lived a simple happy life with his wife Helga. Nevertheless, his dual identities challenged his beliefs because he had no political stance. With the war coming, Campbell would eventually have to pick a side. Wirtanen supports this by saying, â€Å"This war isnt going to let anybody stay in a peaceful trade.† (Vonnegut 38) Whether he wanted to accept it or not, Campbell was eventually going to be involved in the war because he was associating with the Nazis. As the book progresses, the line between American spy and German propagandist is blurred. It became to difficult to know which Campbell was authentic. In trying to leave behind memories of the war (and the disappearance of his wife), Campbell wanted to let go of what he had done in the past. It became such a central focus that it led to his pending suicide. At the end of the book, Frank Wirtanen proved Campbells innocence, but he wanted nothing to do with it. He stated, â€Å"What froze me was the fact that I had absolutely no reason to move in any direction. What had made me move through so many dead and pointless years was curiosity. Not even that had flickered out.† (Vonnegut 232) This demonstrates how Campbell was disgusted with himself and did not wish to continue living with the past that haunted him. As a result, he had no other choice but to commit suicide so that he could live in peace with himself. Iona Potapov, alias George Kraft, was another character that had an alternate personage. Campbell became best friends with George Kraft because they were neighbors and they shared their sorrows. Kraft made Campbell believe that he had also lost his wife. Since Campbell was still grieving about his wife, Kraft was the favorable company. Although Kraft was a Russian agent he grew to like Campbell and was willing to assist him by whatever means possible, even if in the end he was going to hand him over to the Russians. Nevertheless, he was also learning to let go of some things in his life because he was dedicated to fighting for the cause of the war. When Campbell found out that Kraft was an agent he said, â€Å"With a few well-chosen words you have wiped me out. How much poorer I am in this minute than I was in the minute before!† (Vonnegut 197) Campbell was genuinely hurt when he found out that Kraft was going to betray him and he did not deny it when Campbell made it obvious to Resi and him that he knew what they were up to. Krafts biggest downfall is that he also became a confusing character due to the way he supported Campbell. In not fully revealing his past or his purpose for being a Russian agent, readers must assume that he was simply a traitor that had the interest of his country at heart. Such a fixation led to his arrest. Resi Noth was a complex character both as herself and as her sister Helga. She went about becoming Helga because she wanted to be with the man she loved, even if it meant making him believe temporarily that she was his long lost wife. She also wanted to leave behind her past; in becoming Helga, Resi was able to forget about the difficult life she led once she ran away from Berlin. Resi explained to Campbell why she impersonated her sister by saying, â€Å"I could be Resi Noth, cigarette-machine operator with no relatives anywhere. Or I could be Helga Noth, actress wife of a handsome, adorable, brilliant playwright in the U.S.A. You tell me which one should I have been?† (Vonnegut 138) Resi did not want Campbell to judge her because her only focus was in forgetting about how she had lost all those that she cared about. With her sisters disappearance, she was able to recuperate a part of her by being with her husband even if she already loved him. Regardless, she became too fixa ted in wanting to obtain Campbells love. Such an obsession is what led to her also committing suicide. She states, â€Å"Then tell me what to live for- anything at all. It doesnt have to be love.† (Vonnegut 221) Once she knew that Campbell gave up on love, she no longer knew what to live for. Since she had already lost it all she concluded that she fulfilled her purpose and was free to die. Characters that create multiple personages for themselves will always have various motives, whether it is for a change or wishing to make amends for their mistakes. Nevertheless, this is something society still does. It might not be as drastic as literally creating a new identity for yourself, but the need for reinvention is the same. The important message to get out of creating a new identity for yourself is that the past always catches up to us. As much as we try to forget who we were, we must still keep a part of ourselves genuine before we recreate ourselves. It is imperative that we make sure we know who we are before we change ourselves because, if not, that new persona can take over our lives. Works Cited Vonnegut, Kurt. Mother Night. New York: Dial Press Trade Paperbacks, 1966. Print.

Same Sex Marriage Free Essay Example, 1250 words

By arguing that same-sex marriage should be approved, the ultimate reason for its solemnity which is to propagate the human race is violated. Another reason why same-sex marriage should not be approved is that there are inherent risks in decisions involving raising children in the future. The basic framework and ideal familial environment are that children need biological parents. As validated by Staver, children who are raised outside of intact marriages, where there are a mother and a father, are at greater risk for a large number of serious personal and social problems, even after controlling for race, income, and family background (10). This was likewise validated from the interview of Rick Santorum, former U. Senator and Senior Fellow of Ethics and Public Policy Center, as he responded to David Masci s question that: Isn't it better that they be legally married to each other, if for no other reason than for the benefit and the welfare of the children? To which Santorum s res ponse was: The answer is no - because of the consequences to society as a whole. And again, those are consequences that they choose to ignore. We will write a custom essay sample on Same Sex Marriage or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Somerville responds to this by expounding that people advocating same-sex marriage argue that we should accept that the primary purpose of marriage is to give social and public recognition to an intimate relationship between two people, and, therefore, to exclude same-sex couples is discrimination.

Project Management Project Planning Fundamentals

Abstract:now a days business has been growing with lots of changes in technological environment. These have brought very effective changes to project management.project management includes implementing,controlling,goals and identifying tasks which are to be achieved.the concept of the project and project management involves project evaluation,project selection,project planning fundamentals.project cost control and scheduling of a project in critical methom(cpm) which are crucial to technology-intensive organizations which have been discussed.a project is a sequence structure that are connected with many activities and having one goal and that should be completed by the given time within budget and at required specifications.each and every projects have specified with starting date and ending date and they are completed in time.there are some operations that has only starting date but that doesnot have ending date.management is also involves different methods such as planning,executin g,controlling and managing in order to achieve the given particular task.by these methods we cannot ensure the complete success but there is a chance to attain success.stakeholders are also plays an important role in this project management along with project team members. Project Selection: The very first is project selection,our success is mainly depend on the project selection.usually project managers are responsible for the selection of the project.it mainly involves drafting of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Mowak National Bank1168 Words   |  5 Pagesno communication and cooperation between departments due to absence of a project manager, who could act as focal point for the integration work. For solving their problem Mohawk National Bank is thinking to consider a new organizational structure: matrix organization. The main obstacle of this project is the hostility at change of most of the employees. For overcome this obstacle Bank top-managers have to find a Project Manager that can motivate and convince people that this change it is importantRead MoreProject Management : A Collaborative Or Individual Entity Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Project Management A project is a collaborative or individual entity which is temporary and unique in nature. 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RISK ASSESMENT THE AIM OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS IS EVACUATE A DANGER OR DIMINISH THE LEVEL OF ITS DANGER BY INCLUDING INSURANCES OR CONTROL MEASURES, AS FUNDAMENTAL. THUSLY, YOU HAVE MADE A MORE SECURE AND MORE ADVANTAGEOUS WORK ENVIRONMENT. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IS AN ORGANIZATION LEVEL GROUP OF PROCESSES AND ACTIVITIES WHICH NEED TO BERead MoreProject Management - Kanban System by Toyota877 Words   |  4 PagesModule: Introduction to Project Management 10th March 2012 As outlined by Wysocki (2009) any project management methodology can be split into five Process Groups. The following table displays which Process Group addresses eachfundamental question. | | Process Groups | No | Fundamental Questions | Scoping | Planning | Launching | Monitoring amp; Control | Closing | 1 | What business situation is being addressed? | x | | | | | 2 | What do you need to do? | x | | | | | 3 | WhatRead MoreRelocation Of The Relocation Company Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesCompany The Relocation Company (TRC) is a wholly Australian owned company which has been in operation for over 20 years. TRC is equally owned and operated by Stephen McIlroy and Gregory Wilkinson both having over 25 years experience in Relocation Management and Business Relocations. TRC are in a unique position to be able to offer you the opportunity to experience all the services a large organisation has to offer whilst still enjoying the personalised services of true Business Relocation professionalsRead MoreProject Management Reflection1174 Words   |  5 Pagesto manage a project you need to be a project manager. However, this course changed my perspective on project management. As I continue to read the book, I realized that I actually manage many projects, and project management is not only limited to organizations. Throughout our lives, we manage many projects from planning a wedding to building a house, some of those projects may take few days and some may take years to complete. In addition, I also learned that there are no two projects that are alikeRead MoreA Brief Note On Trade Offs Among The Three Prime Objectives Of Project Management919 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss why there are trade-offs among the three prime objectives of project management ( scope, time, cost). There are tradeoffs between the three prime objectives of project management, starting with the first set of trade-offs being required to preserver some balance between the project time, cost, and scope goals. The trade-offs can vary based on the stages of the projects. During the formation stage all three objectives are equal in importance. The buildup stage has time / schedule as theRead MoreImplementing A Model For Project Based Management1660 Words   |  7 PagesIn Recent times, there is an increase in interest in project management because most of the complex projects are often late, over budgeted and fail over and over again. Standish report says, there is 24% of projects that are failed or cancelled prior to completion or may be never used. 32% of them are successful which are delivered on time, on budget with required features and functions. And remaining 44% of the projects are challenged projects which are late, over budget or less than the required

Regal Imagery in Flannery O’Connor’s Everything That...

Regal Imagery in Flannery O’Connor’s Everything That Rises Must Converge Flannery O’Connor uses images of regality as represented by hats, colors, and ironic regal references in the short story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† to symbolize Julian’s mother, and her societal views. She, like the hat, is not as upper class as she would have herself or others believe. In addition, her racist beliefs are challenged when a black woman enters the bus with the very same hat, forcing her to realize that the regal attitude she holds will never be validated, and she will no longer be able to pretend that she is superior to anyone. The hat, which â€Å"looked like a cushion with the stuffing out,† resembles â€Å"the dumpy figure† of the mother. In†¦show more content†¦Although they do not have much money, the mother never allows herself to forget the high status of her old relatives: ‘â€Å"Your great-grandfather was a former governor of this state . . . Your grandfather was a prosperous landowner. Your grandmother was a Godhigh.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Her family’s home, which was once a symbol of their prosperity, now had â€Å"worn rugs and faded draperies.† The home’s decrepit condition is comparable to the state that her family’s high stature is now in. In essence, the home as well as the old life which she is clinging to is now gone, and what is left is rotted stairways and â€Å"Negroes living in [the house].† Her behaviors throughout are very much like the actions a queen would take. The hat can be viewed as her crown: â€Å"She was holding herself very erect under the preposterous hat, wearing it like a banner of her imaginary dignity†

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 1010 Words

The fresh grass tickled his sticky body as he crushed the living daylights out of them. Beneath the sun’s gaze, he laid still while absorbing the beauty of the outside world. It was perfect. â€Å"Run,† an elderly man shouted at his students, interrupting his photosynthesis moment. â€Å"Off the ground, Junho.† Junho’s eyes unlocked, his vision flooded with the cotton clouds and baby blue sky. The lively looking grass unfolded as Junho hustled to his rowdy coach. The day was too perfect. Preparing himself to run off with much confidence, rain broke out, abruptly stopping him as he made his first step to sprint. Junho took his eyes off the finish line and fixed his stare upon the upsetting clouds. Keeping his stare upon the gray clouds, he tilted his head. â€Å"It was supposed to be a perfect day,† he breathed. Junho flinched as a raindrop struck back by intruding his eye. His quick reflexes resulted in him shifting his head towards a puddle in front of him. The puddle reflected the upper half of himself; damp, jet black hair, dark brown eyes, smooth pale skin, the bottom half of his body was irrelevant. The small body of water ruined it’s perfect surface as droplets of rain poured down. Leaving the watered-downed field, Junho heard a faint constant beeping as he rushed inside the academic building. Changing out of his wet clothes, Junho re-entered his classroom wearing his gray school uniform. Taking a seat at his wrinkled wooden desk, he stared at the window with his head cradled inShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as p eople whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enquired. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words    |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Socratic Seminar Questions (Medea) Free Essays

Socratic Seminar Questions 1. Do you think Medea should’ve let the children live? If so, who do you think she would’ve chosen and why? If not, why do you think Medea killed the children? I think it was right for Medea to kill the children. The children are a â€Å"product† during Medea and Jason’s relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Socratic Seminar Questions (Medea) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since Medea feels like Jason betrayed and tainted their relationship, she feels like letting the children not live is like destroying every last remnant of their relationship. She also feels that killing the children would punish Jason and as a mother, she doesn’t want anyone else to harm her own children, so she kills them as a sacrifice. Personally, it was a dour scene of killing the children, but it had a hidden reason into killing the children. 2. What are some major complaints Medea pleas about the treatment of women? Do you think women around the world are still facing these problems? Some of the major complaints Medea pleas about are that women cannot reject marriage because of the over dominance of men that women don’t have the power to reject or deny marriage. I believe not only Greece, but other countries around the whole world face the over dominance of men over women. Another complaint Medea states is how women are â€Å"bought and sold† by men. Women weren’t slaves back in Greece but Medea emphasizes the point that women are treated like property, being bought and sold. In the present world, there are very few or not even any countries that sell women but are treated like slaves, having limited rights than men. Lastly, she points out women are the â€Å"most unfortunate creatures†. I think the hidden message Euripides is explaining is the deplorable state of females in Greece. I think that there are still countries worldwide, facing the same situations Medea points out to the readers. In addition, I think Euripides wants readers to sympathize the state of women and how they’re treated. 3. What do you think is the difference between justice and revenge? Did Medea achieve justice or revenge? Why? There is a key difference between the definition of justice and revenge. Justice I think brings termination, an end to something, while revenge results in personal satisfaction and pleasure. Another key difference between both is that justice is what should be done while revenge is what you believe should be done. To sum everything up, justice is selfless and revenge is selfish. I think Medea achieved more of revenge because it was her personal satisfaction and plotting out, punishing Jason for his wrongdoings. In addition, her crave for revenge adulterates her life and her desire for revenge makes her a merciless character. 4. What ways does Medea bring her banishment on herself? There are many signs of how Medea creates banishment for herself. She made herself an exile out of love, leaving her land and killing her father and brother to help Jason in his quest for the Golden Fleece. Ironically thought, his betrayal leads her into banishment once more. During many scenes in the play, Medea expresses deep anguish as making herself an exile. She seems especially remorseful about leaving home and killing her father. This distance from Medea to her father is probably the worst feeling of exile she has to withstand. 5. If all people are created equal, then why do you think men have more authority than women according to Medea? One reason I think men would want more authority than women is men want to feel powerful themselves and they want a feel of playing a crucial role to society or a matriarch in a family by obtaining power. Another reason men have more authority than women is how much pressure they can take. Yes, women are smart and have intelligence, but the main problem is that women can’t take as much criticism or types of pressure as men can. That could be why men are mostly leaders of countries, they can take more pressure from society or media than women can. Lastly, I think men have more authority than women is because men are more recognized in creativity. Microsoft, Apple, Google and YouTube are examples of technological inventions by men. Men feel more recognized into their creativity. How to cite Socratic Seminar Questions (Medea), Papers

Culture and Organisation for Innovative Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Culture and Organisation for Innovative Leadership. Answer: Introduction Organisational culture is a process of shared assumptions, values and beliefs, which are followed by the staffs of an organisation. Each of the organisations develops and maintains a specific culture, which provides advices for the performance of the employees of the company. Organisational culture can be differentiated into three different ways such as traditionalism, interpretivism and critical-interpretivism.As per the statement of Sanders (2015), it can be mentioned that organisations, which follows strong business cultures, have a clear value. A strong business culture is benefitted to the organisation to operate in the service sector efficiently. Organisations will get benefits from the development of productive cultures. The employees will be able to identify the mission, vision and business objectives, which are required to achieve the business goals. On the other hand, Kamaluddin Rahman (2016) cited that some of the organisations aim to the concept of high employee motivati on and also on the consumer loyalty approach. Therefore, it can be stated that organisational culture differs from organisation to organisation. Likewise, Zara aims to the consumer satisfaction concept in their business. Their major focus is to provide priority to the consumers. On the other hand, Zara also focuses to the product innovation in order to increase their sales (Perrott, 2014). This study will highlight the major issue faced by Zara in their business.The use of Hofstede model will be discussed in this context. With the help of six dimensions of Hofstede model, an organisation can measure the organisational culture. According to Cadden, Marshall Cao (2013), values of the workers of an organisation are influenced by the business culture can also be understood. This study will also demonstrate the practices, issues or events, which are faced by the mentioned retail organisation. This study mainly focuses to identify the major cultural issue faced by Zara and also evaluate the organisational culture of Zara with the help of Hofstedes cross cultural model. Major cultural issue It can be observed that the black consumers in the Spanish fashion retailer Zaras New York outlets could be disproportionately recognised as the potential thieves. The organisation has conducted a survey on 251 employees and from the survey; it can be observed that Zara gives major focus on the white employees compared to the black employees. This proves that Zara is seeking the problem of racism. The black employees are considered as the least preferred for the promotion and also received harsher behaviour from the managers. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that this organisational behaviour also made a negative impact on the wage rate of the employees. Black coloured employees received less wage rate compared to the white skinned employees. This discrimination also made a bad impact on the consumers. In this context, it can be mentioned that black consumes are not allowed to purchase the special order. Therefore, it can be inferred that this diversification reduced the core v aluation and the equal opportunity to make satisfy to their employees (Naidoo, 2015). On the contrary, Manning Coad (2015) argued that the management of the organisation provides equivalent opportunity to the employees. Moreover, if the individuals are not satisfied with the organisational service, then the authorities aim to follow several avenues to increase the issues, which are immediately investigated and addressed. The management of Zara also added that they tried to provide best service to their consumers and would not discriminate their consumers based on their skin tonnes. Therefore, the business has successfully expanded across 88 countries and would not tolerate disparity. Greater organisational culture and business strategy is able to increase the revenue earning of an organisation. On the contrary, Wong, Tseng Tan (2014) argued that wrong business approach could reduce the overall profitability of an organisation. Zara has adopted a wrong marketing strategic approach, which is not to advertise through the traditional media (Agrawal, 2015). Therefore, the consumers are not able to know about the product specification or the price of the products. On the other hand, if the organisation has launched new products in the market, consumers are not capable to know about the products. This has reduced the sale of the products. Therefore, it can be mentioned that this has a negative impact on the revenue earning. Therefore, Manning Coad (2015) opined that marketing campaign can increase the market share of a company. On the other hand, target segment is not ideally customer loyal in this company. As per the concept of customer loyalty, the consumers are willing to purchase the products from one organisation. This proves that if the consumers are satisfied with the products of the company, then they show their interest towards the products of Zara (Naidoo, 2015). However, it can be stated that absence of marketing is the major issue faced by Zara, because customer satisfaction comes after using and purchasing the products. Without appropriate marketing segmentation, a product cannot be marketed properly and the consumers feel reluctant to purchase the products. In this point, Barber et al., (2015) opined that advertisement can expand the market of an organisation. Explanation of chosen theoretical framework Hofstedes cultural dimension theory is a framework, which can measure the cross cultural communication of an organisation. As opined by Magada Govender (2016), Hofstedes cultural dimension can explain the effect of an organisational culture on the values of the stakeholders such as consumers and the employees. This theory is also helpful to discuss the factor analysis. The efficiency of organisational culture can be measured by six dimensions. These six dimensions are such as power distance index, individualism versus collectivism, uncertainty avoidance index, masculinity versus femininity, long term orientation versus short term orientation and lastly indulgence versus restraint (Sheard, 2014). Power distance index: According to Allen Dovey (2016), this dimension describes the level and the degree in which business strategies are playing a major role within the organisation culture. In this context, the power distance index mainly aims to identify how an organisation can differentiate inequalities among the employees. Therefore, income inequalities between the employees make a negative impact on the performance of them. This will in turn reduce the overall productivity of the organisation. Therefore, it can be recommended that all employees of Zara are required to get equal remuneration. As a result, the employees will be satisfied. Individualism versus collectivism: In this index, Hofstede shows the degree, in which employees of an organisation are divided into groups. Herbert (2016) opined that this index shows the concept of I versus We. Individualism only focuses on a specific group of employees and their immediate group members. On the other hand, collectivism aims to a specific culture, which possesses and also considers the socio-economic wellbeing of a group. Hence, thiswill create a debate regarding the adaptation of individualism and collectivism in an organisation (Chumg, Cooke Seaton, 2015). If Zara follows individualism in their business, then the employees will concern only about their well-being, whereas collectivism will be beneficial to improve the well-being of all of the staffs. This will in turn improve the entire organisational culture. Masculinity versus femininity: Masculinity represents a preference in organisation for their achievement or assertiveness, and receivesawards for success in their business. It is known that retailing industry is large and it is highly competitive. On the other hand, femininity deals with the cooperation, modesty, caring for the quality of life. Gupta Kumar (2013) pointed that organisational culture around femininity encourages the performance of them. As a result, it can be stated that the women will get priority and there will not any gender discrimination in an organisation. Therefore, the women employees will not be discouraged. Uncertainty avoidance index: This index is used for avoiding the organisational uncertainty within the business. According to Bukhari Sharma (2014), with the help of this index, the employees of an organisation will embrace or avert the unexpected things and organisational risks. Uncertainty avoidance index aims to the less tolerant of organisational behaviour, which are assumed to be rigid. However, cultures with lower rating tend to be open as well as comfortable with unknowns. In this essence, it can be mentioned that Zara will like to impose fewer rules and regulations, which are highly accustomed with the organisational environment. This would increase the performance of the organisation and the productivity would be increased. Therefore, Kamaluddin Rahman (2016) argued that it is better to be risk averse compared to be risk lover during the business operation. Long term orientation versus short term orientation: This dimension is associated with the past, current and predicted future organisational challenges. In the words of Cadden,Marshall Cao (2013), each of the organisation requires to make a connection with the past in case of dealing with the organisational challenges along with the present and future. The organisation, whose performance is comparatively higher, will follow more pragmatic strategy. Nonetheless, Wong, Tseng Tan (2014) criticised that lower performing organisation has adopted the short term orientation and they do not have the economic development whereas long term orientation will maintain a higher and strong development in their business. Therefore, Zara would aim to adapt long term orientation in their organisational culture. Stronger organisational culture would reflect the employees willingness and they would like to work with the organisation. Indulgence versus restraint: As per the concept of this dimension, Hofstede showed that organisational culture can be characterised by how the employees enjoy their life, which are related with the basic and natural human drives. However, Manning Coad (2015) questioned that the poor performing organisations are associated with some strict social norms and regulations. Therefore, the above analysis shows that Hofstedes model is helpful to identify how the employees will be affected by the differentiated organisational behaviour. In addition, Hofstedes model is essential to quantify different dimensions of a culture to improve the understanding between the management and the employees of an organisation (Bukhari Sharma, 2014). An analysis of the practice, issue, event of chosen theoretical framework Spanish clothing shop Zara has store chain in nine locations, Singapore. This also proves that the people of Singapore are showing their interest to purchase the products from Zara. As opined by Chumg,Cooke Seaton (2015), Zara is the best known fashion destination to the consumers. It is the quick design procedure, which adapts rapidly the changing fashion trend and demand of the customers. In order to evaluate Singaporean organisational culture with the help of Hofstedes 6 dimension model, it can be observed that there are some good and deep driving factors of Singaporean culture compared to the other world cultures. From the figure 2, it can be noticed that the score of power distance in Singapore is 74 (Gupta Kumar, 2013). This refers that the magnitude to which comparatively lower powerfulmembers of Zara within a nation expect as well as accept the power, is distributed unequally. Power is centralised, therefore, the managers of Zara has relied on their upper management and on their rules. Subordinates expect that they would be told what they had to do. Naidoo (2015) mentioned that attitude, behaviour of the employees towards the management is formal, and communication is indirect. On the other hand, the score of individualism in Singapore is 20, which implies that the organisation in this country is belonging to a collective society. Therefore, they focus to the development of collectivism business culture rather than individualism. Zara also aimed to maintain employee loyalty within the organisation (Agrawal, 2015). Therefore, it can be inferred that the relationship between the employees and the managers is developed based on the moral basis. A high score of masculinity refers that organisational culture will be driven by competition, achievement and also by success. On the other hand, lower score of femininity indicates that the dominating value in an organisation is very high. Singapore scores 48, therefore, this implies that Zara in Singapore is at middle scale but more on the court of feminism. On the contrary, Sheard (2014) argued that the score of uncertainty avoidance in Singapore is very lower and the value is 8 in Singapore. This refers that the organisation has identified their organisational practice is fine and the organisational risk is comparatively lower in this country than the others. Therefore, they will like to accept new business challenges in future due to the presence of lower risks. Singaporean abides many regulations as they require for restructuring due to the higher Power development index. (Herbert, 2016). Moreover, the score of long term orientation in Singapore is 72. This higher score refers that cultural qualities support the long term investment in the business. They believe that long term investment can make a business successful. Lastly, the score of indulgence is 46. In this essence, Naidoo (2015) cited that comparatively weak controlled is known as indulgence whereas relatively strong control is referred as restraint. However, it is noted that it is not possible to regulate a preference on this dimension, as the intermediate score in Singapore is 46. There are three levels under the Schein model. These three levels are such as Artifacts, Espoused values and basic underlying assumptions. As per the level of Artifacts, Schein highlights that Artifacts are assumed as the surface. These aspects are easily discerned and also hard to understand. This level of Schein culture mainly aims to the dress code of the organisation. Beneath artifacts are assumed as espoused values and these are concerned about the organisational strategies, business goals and philosophies. The basic underlying level highlights that the core valuation of the business culture. This approach is completely missing in the Hofstede model. Hofstede model mainly highlight whether an organise have faith on the teamwork or on the individualism. This model also highlights the power of feminity within an organisation. However, these cultures are cannot be determined by the Schein model. With the help of basic underlying valuation, one can identify the human relationship, r eality, truth of the organisation. Therefore, in a synopsis, it can be mentioned that the basic assumption of Schein model is to highlight the organisational behaviour and the leadership style. Hofstede model in Spain: The score this culture power distance in Spain is at 57, which refers that the hierarchical distance can be accepted. In addition, it can be mentioned that employees expect that their senior would control them. Adverse feedback of the employees do not considered as lightly, therefore, it can be hard for the workers to challenge their senior with the difficulties they have faced. Therefore, the score of power distance is comparatively much lower than Singapore. In this point, it can be inferred that the seniors of the organisations in Singapore would be able to control their subordinates efficiently than Spain. The score of individualism in Spain is at 51, which proves that the organisational culture of the country is collectivist. Nonetheless, a lot of employees of Spain are considered as individualist. As the score of individualism in Singapore is 20, therefore, the organisational culture of Singapore is not like Spain and they mainly aims to the teamwork. The score of masculinity of Spain is 42; this implies that the organisational culture of Spain is of feminist type. According to Gupta Kumar (2013), it can be mentioned that dominant values within the organisational culture are caring for the others as well as the quality of life. The score of masculinity in Singapore is 48, which proves that the organisational behaviour is equal in Singapore as Spain from this point. Spain scores very high in uncertainty avoidance and the score is 86. Therefore, this implies that Spaniards would like to have rules for everything; however, they dont make their life and organisational behaviour highly complex. Therefore, Spaniards do not consider the ambiguity in case of having an organisational plan. Nevertheless, the score in Singapore is 8; this implies that Singapore is comparatively risk averse country compared to Spain. The score of long-term orientation in Spain is very lower and it is 19. Quick outcomes are highly preferable regarding the long-term critical thinking. Therefore, the Spaniards are not the future oriented when it comes to daily life style. The score of long-term orientation in Singapore is very high and the score is 72. As they are assumed to be risk averse, therefore, they are highly conscious regarding the future uncertainty. Conclusion The main concern of this study is to find out the major issue faced by Zara in their business. The employees of Zara have been facing the problem of racism within the organisational culture. In this context, it can be observed that without proper advertisement, Zara is not able to market their products in the market. Market segmentation and advertisement is essential to occupy the larger market share over the competitors. In addition, the consumers can identify the comparative advantage of Zara in their business. On the other hand, with the help of Hofstedes six dimension model, the organisation culture of Zara in the country like Singapore has described in this study. Therefore, in order to improve the organisational culture, it can be recommended that Zara does not require to make any employee discrimination, otherwise this will make an adverse impact on the subordinates. They will not willing to work with the organisation and this will reduce the performance of the organisation. References Abubakar, S. G. (2016). Examining The Culture Of An Organisation, Its Leadership Styles, Structure, Diversity Issues And Conflicts: A Case Study Of Virgin Atlantic, United Kingdom. Development, 4(2). Agrawal, A. N. (2015).Examining impact of strategic leadership on effectiveness of business organisation. Nhrd Network Journal, 16. Allen, G., Dovey, K. (2016). Action Research as a leadership strategy for innovation: The case of a global high-technology organisation. International Journal of Action Research, 12(1). Barber, J., Pallister, C., Avery, A., Lavin, J. (2015). Investigating motivations for weight loss and benefits of attending a commercial weight management organisation post-natally. Appetite, 87, 384. Biggs, S. E., Banks, T. D., Davey, J. D., Freeman, J. E. (2013). Safety leaders perceptions of safety culture in a large Australasian construction organisation. Safety science, 52, 3-12. Bukhari, S. S., Sharma, B. C. (2014). Organisation Climate, Inclusive Organisation Culture and its Influence on Organisation Effectiveness-A Study of Organisations in Jammu Region. Training Development Journal, 5(1), 40-45. Cadden, T., Marshall, D., Cao, G. (2013). Opposites attract: organisational culture and supply chain performance. Supply Chain Management: an international journal, 18(1), 86-103. Chumg, H. F., Cooke, L., Seaton, J. (2015, September). Factors Affecting Employees' Knowledge-Sharing Behaviour in the Virtual Organisation (ECKM 2015). In European Conference on Knowledge Management (p. 913). Academic Conferences International Limited. Douglas, E., Cromie, S., Leva, M. C., Balfe, N. (2014). Modelling the reporting culture within a modern organisation. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, 36, 589-594. Gupta, S., Kumar, V. (2013). Sustainability as corporate culture of a brand for superior performance. Journal of World Business, 48(3), 311-320. Herbert, I. (2016). The transformation of the finance function through new organisation models. Hough, G. (2016). 3 The organisation of social work in the customer culture. Transforming Social Work Practice: Postmodern Critical Perspectives. Kamaluddin, A., Rahman, R. A. (2016). Enhancing organisation effectiveness through human, relational and structural capital: an empirical analysis. Malaysian Accounting Review, 8(1). Magada, T., Govender, K. (2016, April). The Relationship among Leadership, Organisation Culture, and Performance: A South African Public Service Organization Perspective. In ICMLG2016-4th International Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance: ICMLG2016 (p. 210). Academic Conferences and publishing limited. Manning, J. C., Coad, J. (2015). G217 Transforming childrens nursing within a healthcare organisation through an innovative leadership approach. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100(Suppl 3), A92-A92. Meena, S. (2014). A study on impact of organisational culture on organisation development on emphasis on work culture in bpo industry. Naidoo, G. S. (2015). An evaluation of the risk culture at management level in a South African government organisation (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South Africa), Vaal Triangle Campus). Perrott, B. (2014). The sustainable organisation: Blueprint for an integrated model. Journal of Business Strategy, 35(3), 26-37 Sanders, K. (2015). Radical librarianship: the politics and mechanics of DIY culture, and how librarianship might be able learn from grassroots organisation. Senarathna, I., Warren, M., Yeoh, W., Salzman, S. (2014). The influence of organisation culture on E-commerce adoption. Industrial Management Data Systems, 114(7), 1007-1021. Sheard, D. (2014). Achieving culture change: a whole organisation approach. Nursing And Residential Care, 16(6), 329-332. Wong, W. P., Tseng, M. L., Tan, K. H. (2014). A business process management capabilities perspective on organisation performance. Total Quality Management Business Excellence, 25(5-6), 602-617.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among Australian Young Adults

Question: Discuss about the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among Australian Young Adults. Answer: Introduction: Mental disorders have always been treated as a social taboo in our otherwise highly advanced society. Millions of people suffer from some form of mental disorder worldwide and the majority of them are discriminated at by the societal structure (Aupperle et al., 2012). Hence, it becomes essential for the health care system to take the responsibility of promoting the quality of life in the population that suffers from some or other form of mental disorders. Studies suggest that stress related disorders are the most prevalent mental disorders in the current scenario targeting mostly the generation of young adults. The most frequent of theses stress related disorders are the post traumatic stress disorders. This report is designed to present a rationale on the complexities of the post traumatic stress disorders and why there is need for prioritizing this disorder in the young adult generation (Kumar Preetha, 2012). Post trauma stress disorder: Post traumatic stress disorder or PTSD as commonly known can be described as the set of reactions generated in the individuals after they have experienced a traumatic event that had threatened or had the potential to threaten their safety and wellbeing (Gospodarevskaya, 2013). A traumatic vent can be anything; it can be an accident, a natural disaster or a physical, warfare and emotional or sexual assault and torture. The symptoms to this disorder may begin within a timeframe that is different for different people, however, it generally starts within month of going a traumatic event (Gospodarevskaya, 2013). The symptoms of the PTSD can be intrusive memorise where the victim might experience recurring and unwanted visions of the traumatic events giving the victim the impression of reliving it over and over again. Another of the symptoms can be the avoidance that the victim will show to any activity that may remind him or her about the unfortunate event. PTSD can effectively impart pes simism and alter the emotional reaction of the victim. All these symptoms intensify over time and lead the victim towards social seclusion and chronic depression (Kandalaft et al., 2013). Consequences: Survey studies suggest that 5 to 10 percent of all Australian population suffer from stress disorder at some point of their lives, and the maximum are the age group of 18 to 30 years. Studies suggest that the majority of youngsters that suffer from the post traumatic stress disorder, have experienced some drastic event in their childhood or teenage (Kearns et al., 2012). In most of the cases it is either a torturous sexual assault or a bloodlust crime they witnessed. These events lead to depression and an extreme case of social seclusion and self harming tendencies in the later years. The rate of the victims to PTSD is increasing alarmingly everyday and has become a rising concern for the health care system. The society is losing a vast majority of their young population due to increasing suicide rates and these mental disorders can be a prime cause to it (Kearns et al., 2012). Health care system has long overlooked the mental stress related disorders and time has come for them to take the issue seriously to stop innocent lives getting lost due to the lack of proper help. Studies suggest that early intervention and treatment coupled with periodic counselling can help the victim tremendously if given to the needy at the right time. Therefore, it is clear that the need to prioritize the treatment options and benefits for the PTSD victims along with proper health promotion programs can diminish the issues in the bud and can help the victims regains the control to their life (Wilson, Smith Johnson, 2013). Relevance to the current priorities: We are no stranger to the fact that health care system has advanced and diversified significantly over the years and it no longer is what it used to be years ago. Health care is now focussed, patient-centred and patient-friendly to a large extent, oriented towards the demand of the current trends and issues commendably (Kumar Preetha, 2012). With the increasing number of super speciality facilities focussed on catering to a particular heath abnormality providing the best care possible with the convenience of the patients at the centre of it. A number of health care priorities have been identified in the national health priority areas in Australian health care. These priorities include cancer care, cardiovascular care, injury care, mental health, diabetes, asthma, obesity, musculoskeletal conditions and dementia. Each sector receives specialised care and campaigning with extra emphasis on prevention rather than stressing on the aftermath (Kearns et al., 2012). In this context post traumatic stress related disorder should also avail priority in the health care, as it has become one of the emerging health care concerns among the Australian young adults. It should include subjective approach focussed on the patient satisfaction and wellbeing to significantly eradicate the increasing rates of PTSD victims (Kumar Preetha, 2012). Debates and issues: There is substantial consensus regarding the existing care and treatment options and efficacy of them considering the present scenario. The most important element to these contrasting opinions can be due to the difference in reaction to a traumatic event in different people. It has to be considered that post trauma stress is one of the most abundant diagnoses in the field of psychiatry. It is inevitable that there will be argument over what treatment plan should gain priority when discussing PTSD disorder when different patients respond to different types of treatment (Kumar Preetha, 2012). Moreover, the outlook of the society toward anything abnormal is seclusion and discrimination, which worsens the situation for a PTSD victim. According to the Eriksons theory along the journey of an individuals life there are a number of conflicts that they need to overcome, such as shame and doubt and guilt and inferiority that plagues the mind until the individual loses sense of self worth (Wilson, Smith Johnson, 2013). Determinants and risk factors: The success of a broad scale program to target a key health care concern depends on different factors, called determinants. These determinants can be the response of the patients to the treatment, the constraints that are present to interfere with the successful implementation of the programs and the risk factors associated with the issue (Lee, Fang Luo, 2013). Firstly the victims to PTSD take years to seek the help of the treatment options if they even take it, which can seriously alter the effectiveness of the treatment if it is delayed to a large extent. The sufferers of mental disorders face a lot of societal shaming, and that can be a contributing factor to their aversion to seeking help. Furthermore, most of the patients do not get past their deep rooted apprehension and cannot communicate freely with their counsellor, which lessens the efficacy and response of the patients to the treatment. Lastly there are a number of risk factors associated with the issue (Lee, Fang Luo, 2013). The risk factors associated with disease are the likelihood of the long term sufferers progressing depression and anxiety, substance abuse, feeding disorders and most importantly suicidal tendencies. Target group: It has been discussed above that the young adult generation suffer more from post trauma stress than the rest of the age groups. It is said that this particular age range witnesses a lot of changes and transitions, this is the age range where an individual start their career and takes up a number of responsibilities and try to explore, and there can be unwanted traumatic experiences (Bisson et al., 2013). For example, almost 59% of the young generation is more prone to recklessness and hence they experience much more trauma than the rest. It is only likely that they receive the spotlight in the PTSD treatment program. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that the patients who gather enough courage to seek help for a mental disorder that has stemmed from a traumatic experience, and often they are too delayed. Focussing the treatment program on the young generation will ensure that they get the help in the earlier stages which can gain much better results from the treatment (Searcy, 201 2). Health promotion strategies: The treatment plan available for the PTSD sufferers in Australia are provided by the ADF and other health care facilities, and in the private hospitals under the discretion of the Department of Veterans Affairs including a combination of medication and counselling therapies, however, there is need for more improved and focussed strategies, such as, There is need for building healthy public policies, utilizing psychological debriefing, pharmacological treatment, and psychosocial interventions (Weathers et al., 2013). The nest strategy should be creation of supportive environments for the sufferers Another key area in the health promotion should be involving community action into creating supportive environment for the sufferers so that they can freely communicate about their issues without fear of being ashamed (Roden Jarvis, 2012). Large scale psychological checkups should also be conducted in case of a traumatic catastrophe that involves a large group of people so that they can develop skills beforehand to combat any stress disorders (Wilson, Friedman Lindy, 2012). Lastly there is need for reorganizing health care towards preventative measures, incorporating workshops and group sessions involving young adults in office premises, university campuses so that help gets to them before they have to seek help. Conclusion: There are a lot of facts and factors that influence the measures and their outcomes in case of mental disorders in the society. The treatment procedures have undoubted advanced to help the victims overcome the restriction that the mental disorders can pose. Health care priorities are a step in this direction to ensure that there is enough emphasis on areas that have been vastly previously ignored. Nonetheless, the emphasis should include the realistic issues that are more likely to be found in the general mass like PTSD. Promoting health care prioritization of such societal taboos will not only ensures that the health care is much more approachable and relatable to the victims but will also be the drive that will change the societys vision towards mental sicknesses. References: Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., Paulus, M. P. (2012). Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 686-694. Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post?traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. The Cochrane Library. Gospodarevskaya, E. (2013). Post-traumatic stress disorder and quality of life in sexually abused Australian children. Journal of child sexual abuse, 22(3), 277-296. Kandalaft, M. R., Didehbani, N., Krawczyk, D. C., Allen, T. T., Chapman, S. B. (2013). Virtual reality social cognition training for young adults with high-functioning autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 43(1), 34-44. Kearns, M. C., Ressler, K. J., Zatzick, D., Rothbaum, B. O. (2012). Early interventions for PTSD: a review. Depression and anxiety, 29(10), 833-842. Kumar, S., Preetha, G. S. (2012). Health promotion: An effective tool for global health. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 37(1), 5. Lee, R. D., Fang, X., Luo, F. (2013). The impact of parental incarceration on the physical and mental health of young adults. Pediatrics, 131(4), e1188-e1195. Roden, J., Jarvis, L. (2012). Evaluation of the health promotion activities of paediatric nurses: Is the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion a useful framework?. Contemporary nurse, 41(2), 271-284. Searcy, C. P. (2012). Pharmacological prevention of combat-related PTSD: a literature review. Military medicine, 177(6), 649. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD. Wilson, J. P., Friedman, M. J., Lindy, J. D. (Eds.). (2012). Treating psychological trauma and PTSD. Guilford Press. Wilson, J. P., SMITH, W., Johnson, S. K. (2013). A Comparative Analysis of PTSD Among Various. Trauma and its wake, 1, 142.

Sample Literary Analysis Essay For Sons and Lovers

Sample Literary Analysis Essay For Sons and LoversSample literary analysis essay for Sons and Lovers will serve as an excellent platform for students. It will provide them a real idea of the kind of essay, which can be written in such a case. It will also give them an idea of the course material which is commonly used in such a case.Many students, who have not followed a particular course, struggle with writing essays. So, it is highly important to find a guide that will enable them to write a complete essay. There are many guides available in the market and you can choose the one which best suits your requirement. But, before choosing a guide, you need to do some research on it so that you will get the most suitable one. Here are some sample literary analysis essay for Sons and Lovers.As per the sample, this is a basic book which can be used for a basic essay. In such a case, you need to start off with an introduction that will help you build up the foundation of the essay. You need to examine the structure of the article as well so that you will be able to construct an idea about the essay which can be written in a similar manner.After having the introduction, you need to analyze the content of the essay so that you will be able to understand the essay completely. You need to make some notes in this essay which will help you in constructing the proper structure of the essay. You can make some outlines for this work so that you will be able to proceed with the required practice and revision of the essay.After the analysis, you will need to write the contents of the essay. In this case, you need to make a list of all the points that are of importance to this essay. It is not necessary to include all the points as you can choose to leave some out from time to time. This will help you in writing a perfect essay.When you have completed writing the literary analysis essay for Sons and Lovers, you need to re-arrange the structure so that you will be able to discuss the contents effectively. This will help you in writing a proper essay. Some literary analysis essays have specific format and there are few guides that will help you in writing a perfect essay.There are several advantages of writing a literary analysis essay for Sons and Lovers. The first advantage is that you will be able to choose the appropriate material. By making a comparison between different materials, you will be able to know about different aspects of the subject. This will help you in writing a more creative essay which can be used in a college exam.

To Do It Or Not To Do It. . . Essays - Television, COPS,

To Do It Or Not To Do It. . . Does antbody really listen to the real issues of sex? No, they want to test it out on their own and most don't care about HIV, AIDS, or STD's. I am here to inform the reading audience of this serious issue. Yeah, I was young, I wanted to experiment, but it was the dumbest thing I ever did. I wound up pregnant with a daughter and found out, while giving birth at the age of 15, that I had herpes. I was mortified. I was ashamed. And, most of all, I couldn't bare talking to the father of my child so I just left the state and moved to Canada. It wasn't until the cops found me and told me the father of my child was suing me for custody of my child and made charges against me for kidnapping our child. This terrifying experience landed me in jail for 10 years and 6 months, giving custody to the father and permanently destroying my life. I am here to give a shout out to all those who are intrigued by the sexual world, please get yourself and the partner you plan on doing it with checked out b efore you go on. It will help even if you both are so certain that nothing is wrong. That's what happened with us. Bibliography My own conscience Human Sexuality

Free Essays on Debunking The Myth Of Global Warming

Debunking the Myth of Global Warming At various times since WW II warnings were sounded about the Earth entering another ice age. As a matter of fact, until the mid-seventies, average Northern Hemisphere temperatures actually went down, but by less than one degree Celsius ("Global Warming Treaty" 1-2). In the seventies, a number of scientists took this bit of data and predicted dire consequences for the Earth. The popular press picked up on this, and even Science magazine stated in 1975 "the approach of a full-blown 100,000-year ice age [was] a real possibility" (Shackleton 28). Although most Americans believe that humans cause global warming, there are many scientists who believe global warming is only a natural cycle. Since the 1970's, temperatures have gone up again, and the tiny decrease in temperatures since WW II has now been replaced with an equally tiny increase in nighttime global temperatures. Nighttime global temperatures have risen about 0.065 degrees Celsius, according to measurements by Tiros II, a temperature measuring satellite ("Instant" 5). So what happens? The doom and gloom about another ice age is replaced with the doom and gloom about global warming. What people are seeing now and what people were seeing then are merely natural variations in temperatures around the globe. They are due to natural variations in all kinds of variables, including solar flares. Greenhouse gases allow incoming solar radiation to pass through the Earth's atmosphere, but prevent most of the outgoing infrared radiation from the surface and lower atmosphere from escaping into outer space. Many gases exhibit such â€Å"greenhouse† properties, including those that occur naturally in the atmos phere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This process occurs naturally and has kept the Earth's temperature about 60 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it would otherwise be. Current life on Earth could not be sust... Free Essays on Debunking The Myth Of Global Warming Free Essays on Debunking The Myth Of Global Warming Debunking the Myth of Global Warming At various times since WW II warnings were sounded about the Earth entering another ice age. As a matter of fact, until the mid-seventies, average Northern Hemisphere temperatures actually went down, but by less than one degree Celsius ("Global Warming Treaty" 1-2). In the seventies, a number of scientists took this bit of data and predicted dire consequences for the Earth. The popular press picked up on this, and even Science magazine stated in 1975 "the approach of a full-blown 100,000-year ice age [was] a real possibility" (Shackleton 28). Although most Americans believe that humans cause global warming, there are many scientists who believe global warming is only a natural cycle. Since the 1970's, temperatures have gone up again, and the tiny decrease in temperatures since WW II has now been replaced with an equally tiny increase in nighttime global temperatures. Nighttime global temperatures have risen about 0.065 degrees Celsius, according to measurements by Tiros II, a temperature measuring satellite ("Instant" 5). So what happens? The doom and gloom about another ice age is replaced with the doom and gloom about global warming. What people are seeing now and what people were seeing then are merely natural variations in temperatures around the globe. They are due to natural variations in all kinds of variables, including solar flares. Greenhouse gases allow incoming solar radiation to pass through the Earth's atmosphere, but prevent most of the outgoing infrared radiation from the surface and lower atmosphere from escaping into outer space. Many gases exhibit such â€Å"greenhouse† properties, including those that occur naturally in the atmos phere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This process occurs naturally and has kept the Earth's temperature about 60 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than it would otherwise be. Current life on Earth could not be sust...

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Finance - Essay Example ormula also clearly generated risk associated with the investment and thus shows the possible measures to take in a given risk scenario in an investment. This is a financial field which proposes the use and application of psychology based theories which are used to explain the anomalies in the stock market. In this context, the assumption in behavioral finance is the characteristics of market participants and the information structure which systematically influences the investments individual decision in the market outcome. This evident in various stock exchange markets which investors have assumed on making the best decisions. In this area, there are numerous incidents of this phenomenon in the security market which contradicts the market hypothesis in the investor’s rationality. In this context, the behavioral finance hypothesis seems to attempt to cover and replace the investment void. In any investment, this theory states that it is totally impossible to beat the market due to the efficiency of the stock market which makes the existing shares to incorporate and thus reflecting the information which is relevant in accordance to this theory. It is therefore the investor purchases the undervalued stocks or eventually sells out the stock in inflated prices. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) Definition | Investopedia." Investopedia - Educating the world about finance. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2013.

How Should Organizational Information Systems Be Audited for Security Essay

How Should Organizational Information Systems Be Audited for Security - Essay Example S. General Accounting Office; Mandol and Verma; Cert-In; Stanford University; Davis). At the present, businesses should take a number of steps in an attempt to formulate or improve an IS security audit facility. For instance, organizations must clearly outline their business goals and aims. After that, the business should evaluate its own information security audit readiness. However, this kind of evaluation requires from organizations to recognize a variety of matter such as reporting limitations, legal problems, the audit situation, security and safety vulnerabilities, abilities automated tools and associated costs. Additionally, it is essential for the organizations to plan how to decide what information systems security audit projects should be performed for instance both stand-alone information system security audit projects and those projects which require support from the information systems security audit potential. Thus, when the planning stage is successfully completed, bus inesses should be able to connect the aims and objectives selected in the initial phase to the tasks required for their completion. On the other hand, all through the process, businesses should not ignore the resources exist on the Web intended for research and training (U. S. General Accounting Office; Mandol and Verma; Cert-In; Stanford University; Davis). Moreover, making a decision regarding organization’s aims and objectives for developing or improving an information system’s security audit capability will support them in determining and understanding the varieties of skills, tools and training required to carry out this process. In this scenario, it is essential for the organizations to define objectives and aims earlier without initial recognition like that how and by whom the business aims and objectives would be convened (for instance, whether organization resources would be contractor, in-house, shared staff or a number of combinations). In addition, establis hment of temporary milestones will facilitate in attaining a staged accomplishment of organization’s desired policy. Additionally, while constructing an information system security audit potential, administration should review the organization’s information systems security audit willingness by keeping in mind the applicable issues. In this scenario, the implementation of a baseline by recognizing powers and faults will facilitate an organization to choose a most excellent system to proceed (U. S. General Accounting Office; Mandol and Verma; Cert-In; Stanford University; Davis). Moreover, the process of tackling information security risks varies and depends on the nature of the processing carried out by the business and sensitivity of the data and information which is being processed. However, to completely judge these issues and risks, the auditor should completely understand information about the business’s computer operations and major applications. In this s cenario, a most important part of planning to produce or improve a successful information systems security audit potential can encompass activities such as assessing the present staff’s skills, knowledge and capabilities to decide what the audit capability is at the present and what knowledge

Replacement of Existing Air-cooled Chiller Systems

Replacement of Existing Air-cooled Chiller Systems Replacement of Existing Air-cooled Chiller Systems by Water-cooled Chiller Systems in Commercial Buildings in Hong Kong Introduction According to F.W.H. Yik, J. Burnett I.Prescott, the air-cooled chillers in Hong Kong are usually rated at an outdoor temperature of 35 oC and COP of the air-cooled chillers including the condenser fan power is ranging from 2.6 to 2.9. For a direct seawater-cooled chiller plant with seawater entering temperature of 27 oC, COP of the water-cooled chiller plant could achieve 4 to 5. As the electricity consumption for air-conditioning system in Hong Kong often accounts for a dominant portion of the operating cost of the shopping complexes, water-cooled air-conditioning systems are more preferable than air-cooled air-conditioning systems when space is sufficient for such installation and cooling water is available at low cost. In the past years, portable water supply was mainly imported from China and the reliability of this crucial water supply has been a major concern in Hong Kong. The use of fresh water in air-conditioning system was banned by Waterworks Regulations in Hong Kong and this discouraged the use of cooling towers in most commercial buildings including shopping complexes. Hence, air-cooled air-conditioning systems were prevalently installed in Hong Kong in the old days. In order to conserve electricity and to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by electricity generation, the Hong Kong Government has put effort and emphasis on exploring the feasibility and viability of facilitating buildings to use water-cooled air-conditioning systems instead of air-cooled air-conditioning systems. Pilot Scheme for Wider Use of Fresh Water for Evaporative Cooling Towers was launched in June 2000 by the Hong Kong Government. The scheme aims to promote the energy efficient water-cooled air-conditioning syst ems and to assess the impacts on infrastructure, health and environmental effects with an ultimate aim to facilitate territory-wide implementation of water-cooled air conditioning systems in Hong Kong. Technology of Water-cooled Chiller Systems in Commercial Buildings The air-conditioning systems in buildings work on refrigeration principles by using cooling medium to decrease the indoor air temperatures. In air-cooled air-conditioning systems, heat absorbed by the refrigerant is directly rejected to the ambient; whereas in water-cooled air-conditioning systems, either fresh water or seawater is used as a heat rejection medium. And heat absorbed by the refrigerant is rejected to the ambient by evaporation through cooling towers or by seawater discharging into the sea. There are three major schemes in water-cooled air-conditioning systems, namely, the cooling tower scheme, the central sea water scheme, and the district cooling scheme. In the cooling tower scheme, the air conditioning system uses evaporative cooling tower for heat rejection. Water in the cooling tower will be lost due to continuous evaporation, bleed-off and wind drift. The water lost would be replaced by water coming from the city water mains. In central sea water scheme, the air conditioning system uses seawater for heat rejection. A dedicated central sea water supply distributes seawater from the sea to the user building. The rejected warm sweater from the condenser will be returned to the sea via dedicated pipe. In district cooling scheme, chilled water is produced by central chilled water plant. Individual user purchases chilled water for their building from the district cooling scheme operator and do not need to install their own chiller plants. For this scheme, a central chiller plant, a pump house and a central distribution pipeline network would be required. Water-cooled air conditioning system rejects heat depending on the ambient wet-bulb temperature rather than the dry-bulb temperature, so the refrigerant can be cooled to a lower temperature. This results in a better system coefficient of performance (COP) and thus more energy efficient. The District Cooling Scheme and Cooling Tower Scheme are more efficient than conventional air-cooled system as much as 35% and 20% respectively in accordance with a study commissioned by the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD). Pros and Cons for Application of Water-cooled Chiller Systems Equipped water-cooled chillers and cooling tower with VSD and optimize their operation by automation control system could effectively trim down the peak demand charge, optimize the chiller efficiency in off-design condition, and lead to a more efficient operation of the overall water-cooled air-conditioning system. Variable speed drive chiller compressor can be considered as replacement of traditional chiller in the future, as its cost has been gradually reduced. The VSD chiller compressor will allow the compressor to run at lower speed under part-load conditions, thereby yielding a lower compressor kW/ton rating under such situations than using conventional centrifugal chillers where part-load control is by controlling the inlet guide vanes. In the conventional chiller plant automation control system, it controls the cooling tower to open the valves and start the tower fan on one-to-one basis even in common header system. When the condensing water temperature drops, the required compressor head will reduce. The efficiency of the water-cooled chiller equipped with VSD will improve by 4 to 5% while the entering condensing water temperature drops by 1 oC. It, therefore, would be better to operate the idle cooling towers in lower speed in order to further lower the condensing water temperature for the water-cooled chillers so as to increase the efficiency of the chillers. Lower total fan power consumption and lower condensing water temperature are resulted. As a result, optimization of the chiller and cooling tower operation with automation control system as above would further increase efficiency of the water-cooled chiller plant. The operating strategy of the multiple chillers is also crucial to achieve efficient operation of the chillers. For multiple chillers operating at a part-load condition, the second chiller should not be brought on-line until the first one is up to a pre-determined capacity. Generally, the least energy is used by one chiller operating at 90% capacity as compared with that used by two chillers each operating at 45% capacity. Retrofitting the existing air-cooled chiller plant with new water-cooled chiller plant could usually rectify the problems of load mismatching, low reliability of the existing chiller plant. Additional benefit from the conversion of air-cooled to water-cooled chiller plant would be the improvement of system reliability and minimization of system downtime when all the water-cooled chillers are furnished with variable speed drive as the starters. In case of power loss, the restart time of chiller could be reduced from 30 minutes to 5 minutes when compared with the conventional and typical EM starter. Moreover, after the conversion of the water-cooled chiller, less power would be consumed which means less CO2 emission. This would reduce the green house effect. There are nonetheless some limitations and potential risks for replacing the existing air-cooled air-conditioning system with new water-cooled cooling tower system. Noise from cooling towers, stagnant water in dead legs of water pipe or in idle system, nutrient growth due to contamination from surrounding areas and exposure to direct sunlight, poor water quality such as Legionella count, deficiencies in cooling tower system, separation of the cooling towers and access to existing building/residents, and occupational safety and health issues are all have to be dealt with carefully during the design stage, the installation stage as well as the operation and maintenance stage. Appropriate cooling tower system design, regular and proper maintenance including water treatment to the cooling tower system, and annual audit are all necessary to minimize the potential risks from the cooling tower system. Also, conversion of the existing air-cooled chiller plant to water-cooled chiller plant takes up more spaces as the additional air-conditioning equipment including cooling towers, condensing water pumps, water tanks, condensing water pipes, etc. shall be incorporated into the system and all of the equipment and the structural supporting frames for cooling towers and water tanks require additional spaces. Like places in Hong Kong where it is so densely populated and space is very limited with very high land price, optimal utilization of building spaces is a very important factor which the landlords would consider. Model to Access Efficiency Improvement Implementation of Load-based Speed Control for System Optimization in Water-cooled Chiller Systems The system COP means the chiller load output divided by the total input power of the chiller, condenser water pump and cooling tower fan. For conventional operation of cooling towers, the fans are cycled on and off, or controlled at variable speed to maintain the temperature of cooling water leaving the tower at its set point. The condenser water pump is staged continuously to provide the chiller operating with the rated flow of condenser water for all loading conditions. In accordance with the studies performed by F. W. Yu and K. T. Chan, load-based control could be applied to enhance the energy performance of water-cooled chiller systems. Thermodynamic-behavior chiller and cooling tower models were developed to find out how the energy use varies for a chiller system operating under various controls of condenser water pumps and cooling tower fans. The optimum operation of the water-cooled chiller systems could be obtained via the load-based speed control which the speed of the cooling tower fans and the condenser water pumps is regulated as a linear function of the chiller part load ratio. It resembles the typical sequencing of chillers based on their load conditions and without the need of high quality humidity sensors to reset the cooling water temperature. The system COP under the optimal control could increase by 1.4% to 16.1% when compared with the equivalent system of fixed temperature and flow rate control for the cooling water leaving the coo ling towers. Improvement in system performance could be achieved by applying variable speed control to the condenser water pumps and the cooling tower fans. To optimize the system, the condenser water flow rate would vary in direct proportion to the chiller load. This results in the control algorithm of pump speed (Spump,op) shown in Equation (1), given that speed is directly proportional to flow rate in accordance with the pump laws. The minimum speed is set at half of the full speed (Spump,full) to ensure the minimum condenser water flow required when the chiller load in terms of part load ratio (PLR) drops to below 0.5. Spump, op = (1) Following the traditional control of cooling water temperature, the controller for tower fan speed modulation has to evaluate the optimum set point (Tctwl,op) and operates the fan at the right speed to meet that set point. Based on the analysis by F. W. Yu and K. T. Chan, it is possible to apply load-based speed control for cooling tower fans so as to achieve optimum system operation. Figure 4 shows data of the optimum fan speed at which the maximum system COP took place for a set of operating conditions in terms of various combinations of PLRs from 0.2 to 1 at 0.1 intervals and wet-bulb temperatures from 16 to 28 DegC at 4 DegC intervals. Using regression analysis, a linear relationship between the optimum fan speed (Sfan,op) and chiller PLR can be obtained as Equation (2) with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9215. Sfan,full denotes the full speed of the tower fans and the constant coefficients would be different for each specific design of the system. Sfan,op = (0.7281PLR + 0.1776) Sfan,full (2) It is expected that the load-based speed control is generic for all types of multiple-chiller systems with full or partial use of variable speed drives for the system components. The optimal control of the whole system could be highly simplified in this way as the sequencing of chillers, pumps and tower fans and their individual speed controls can be based entirely on the chiller load conditions only. The system COP under the optimal control could increase by 1.4% to 16.1% when compared with the equivalent system of fixed temperature and flow rate control for the cooling water leaving the cooling towers. Conclusion Retrofitting the existing air-cooled chiller plant with new water-cooled chiller plant could usually rectify the problems of load mismatching and low reliability of the existing chiller plant. A better system coefficient of performance (COP) and thus more energy efficient would be achieved. The application of water-cooled chiller system is more efficient than the conventional air-cooled system for as much as 35%. Implementation of the load-based speed control for the system could further increase the system COP by as much as around 16%. REFERENCES: F.W. Yu, K.T. Chan, Economic benefits of optimal control for water-cooled chiller systems serving hotels in a subtropical climate, Energy and Buildings (2009) 1-7. F.W.H. Yik, J. Burnett, I. Prescott, A study on the energy performance of three schemes for widening application of water-cooled air-conditioning systems in Hong Kong, Energy and Buildings 33 (2001) 167-182. F.W. Yu, K.T. Chan, Energy signatures for assessing the energy performance of chillers, Energy and Buildings 37 (2005) 739-746. F.W. Yu, K.T. Chan, Optimization of water-cooled chiller system with load-based speed control, Applied Energy 85 (2008) 931-950. Jerry Ackerman, What a Water-Cooled HVAC System Can Do for Your Building, Buildings 102 (3) (2008) 72-76. Jeff Strein, Air- or Water-Cooled, ASHRAE Journal (7) (2009) 11-12. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Code of Practice for Water-cooled Air Conditioning Systems, Part 1: Design, Installation and Commissioning of Cooling Towers 2006 Edition (1) (2007) 1-37. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Energy Efficiency and Conservation for Buildings 1-40. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Air Conditioning Installations 2007 Edition 1-30. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Implementation Study for Water-cooled Air-Conditioning Systems at Wan Chai and Causeway Bay Investigation (7) (2005) 1-31. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Guidelines on Energy Efficiency of Air Conditioning Installations 1998 Edition 1-42. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Energy End-use Data 2008 (9) (2008) 1-39. Ben Erpelding, Real Efficiency of Central Plants, Heating Piping Air Conditioning Engineering (5) (2007) Trane, Implications for Chilled-Water Plant Design, Engineers Newsletter Volume 28 No. 1 1-4. W.L. Lee, Hua Chen, F.W.H. Yik, Modeling the performance characteristics of water-cooled air-conditioners, Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 1456-1465. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Territory-Wide Implementation Study for Water-cooled Air Conditioning Systems in Hong Kong (6) (2003) 1-28. Ramez Naguib, Total Cost of Ownership for Air-Cooled and Water-Cooled Chiller Systems, ASHRAE Journal (4) (2009) 42-48. Trane, Promoting the Use of Water Cooled Air Conditioning System, Trane Newsletter 2 (9) (2005) 1-3.