Replacement of Existing Air-cooled Chiller Systems

Replacement of Existing Air-cooled Chiller Systems Replacement of Existing Air-cooled Chiller Systems by Water-cooled Chiller Systems in Commercial Buildings in Hong Kong Introduction According to F.W.H. Yik, J. Burnett I.Prescott, the air-cooled chillers in Hong Kong are usually rated at an outdoor temperature of 35 oC and COP of the air-cooled chillers including the condenser fan power is ranging from 2.6 to 2.9. For a direct seawater-cooled chiller plant with seawater entering temperature of 27 oC, COP of the water-cooled chiller plant could achieve 4 to 5. As the electricity consumption for air-conditioning system in Hong Kong often accounts for a dominant portion of the operating cost of the shopping complexes, water-cooled air-conditioning systems are more preferable than air-cooled air-conditioning systems when space is sufficient for such installation and cooling water is available at low cost. In the past years, portable water supply was mainly imported from China and the reliability of this crucial water supply has been a major concern in Hong Kong. The use of fresh water in air-conditioning system was banned by Waterworks Regulations in Hong Kong and this discouraged the use of cooling towers in most commercial buildings including shopping complexes. Hence, air-cooled air-conditioning systems were prevalently installed in Hong Kong in the old days. In order to conserve electricity and to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by electricity generation, the Hong Kong Government has put effort and emphasis on exploring the feasibility and viability of facilitating buildings to use water-cooled air-conditioning systems instead of air-cooled air-conditioning systems. Pilot Scheme for Wider Use of Fresh Water for Evaporative Cooling Towers was launched in June 2000 by the Hong Kong Government. The scheme aims to promote the energy efficient water-cooled air-conditioning syst ems and to assess the impacts on infrastructure, health and environmental effects with an ultimate aim to facilitate territory-wide implementation of water-cooled air conditioning systems in Hong Kong. Technology of Water-cooled Chiller Systems in Commercial Buildings The air-conditioning systems in buildings work on refrigeration principles by using cooling medium to decrease the indoor air temperatures. In air-cooled air-conditioning systems, heat absorbed by the refrigerant is directly rejected to the ambient; whereas in water-cooled air-conditioning systems, either fresh water or seawater is used as a heat rejection medium. And heat absorbed by the refrigerant is rejected to the ambient by evaporation through cooling towers or by seawater discharging into the sea. There are three major schemes in water-cooled air-conditioning systems, namely, the cooling tower scheme, the central sea water scheme, and the district cooling scheme. In the cooling tower scheme, the air conditioning system uses evaporative cooling tower for heat rejection. Water in the cooling tower will be lost due to continuous evaporation, bleed-off and wind drift. The water lost would be replaced by water coming from the city water mains. In central sea water scheme, the air conditioning system uses seawater for heat rejection. A dedicated central sea water supply distributes seawater from the sea to the user building. The rejected warm sweater from the condenser will be returned to the sea via dedicated pipe. In district cooling scheme, chilled water is produced by central chilled water plant. Individual user purchases chilled water for their building from the district cooling scheme operator and do not need to install their own chiller plants. For this scheme, a central chiller plant, a pump house and a central distribution pipeline network would be required. Water-cooled air conditioning system rejects heat depending on the ambient wet-bulb temperature rather than the dry-bulb temperature, so the refrigerant can be cooled to a lower temperature. This results in a better system coefficient of performance (COP) and thus more energy efficient. The District Cooling Scheme and Cooling Tower Scheme are more efficient than conventional air-cooled system as much as 35% and 20% respectively in accordance with a study commissioned by the Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD). Pros and Cons for Application of Water-cooled Chiller Systems Equipped water-cooled chillers and cooling tower with VSD and optimize their operation by automation control system could effectively trim down the peak demand charge, optimize the chiller efficiency in off-design condition, and lead to a more efficient operation of the overall water-cooled air-conditioning system. Variable speed drive chiller compressor can be considered as replacement of traditional chiller in the future, as its cost has been gradually reduced. The VSD chiller compressor will allow the compressor to run at lower speed under part-load conditions, thereby yielding a lower compressor kW/ton rating under such situations than using conventional centrifugal chillers where part-load control is by controlling the inlet guide vanes. In the conventional chiller plant automation control system, it controls the cooling tower to open the valves and start the tower fan on one-to-one basis even in common header system. When the condensing water temperature drops, the required compressor head will reduce. The efficiency of the water-cooled chiller equipped with VSD will improve by 4 to 5% while the entering condensing water temperature drops by 1 oC. It, therefore, would be better to operate the idle cooling towers in lower speed in order to further lower the condensing water temperature for the water-cooled chillers so as to increase the efficiency of the chillers. Lower total fan power consumption and lower condensing water temperature are resulted. As a result, optimization of the chiller and cooling tower operation with automation control system as above would further increase efficiency of the water-cooled chiller plant. The operating strategy of the multiple chillers is also crucial to achieve efficient operation of the chillers. For multiple chillers operating at a part-load condition, the second chiller should not be brought on-line until the first one is up to a pre-determined capacity. Generally, the least energy is used by one chiller operating at 90% capacity as compared with that used by two chillers each operating at 45% capacity. Retrofitting the existing air-cooled chiller plant with new water-cooled chiller plant could usually rectify the problems of load mismatching, low reliability of the existing chiller plant. Additional benefit from the conversion of air-cooled to water-cooled chiller plant would be the improvement of system reliability and minimization of system downtime when all the water-cooled chillers are furnished with variable speed drive as the starters. In case of power loss, the restart time of chiller could be reduced from 30 minutes to 5 minutes when compared with the conventional and typical EM starter. Moreover, after the conversion of the water-cooled chiller, less power would be consumed which means less CO2 emission. This would reduce the green house effect. There are nonetheless some limitations and potential risks for replacing the existing air-cooled air-conditioning system with new water-cooled cooling tower system. Noise from cooling towers, stagnant water in dead legs of water pipe or in idle system, nutrient growth due to contamination from surrounding areas and exposure to direct sunlight, poor water quality such as Legionella count, deficiencies in cooling tower system, separation of the cooling towers and access to existing building/residents, and occupational safety and health issues are all have to be dealt with carefully during the design stage, the installation stage as well as the operation and maintenance stage. Appropriate cooling tower system design, regular and proper maintenance including water treatment to the cooling tower system, and annual audit are all necessary to minimize the potential risks from the cooling tower system. Also, conversion of the existing air-cooled chiller plant to water-cooled chiller plant takes up more spaces as the additional air-conditioning equipment including cooling towers, condensing water pumps, water tanks, condensing water pipes, etc. shall be incorporated into the system and all of the equipment and the structural supporting frames for cooling towers and water tanks require additional spaces. Like places in Hong Kong where it is so densely populated and space is very limited with very high land price, optimal utilization of building spaces is a very important factor which the landlords would consider. Model to Access Efficiency Improvement Implementation of Load-based Speed Control for System Optimization in Water-cooled Chiller Systems The system COP means the chiller load output divided by the total input power of the chiller, condenser water pump and cooling tower fan. For conventional operation of cooling towers, the fans are cycled on and off, or controlled at variable speed to maintain the temperature of cooling water leaving the tower at its set point. The condenser water pump is staged continuously to provide the chiller operating with the rated flow of condenser water for all loading conditions. In accordance with the studies performed by F. W. Yu and K. T. Chan, load-based control could be applied to enhance the energy performance of water-cooled chiller systems. Thermodynamic-behavior chiller and cooling tower models were developed to find out how the energy use varies for a chiller system operating under various controls of condenser water pumps and cooling tower fans. The optimum operation of the water-cooled chiller systems could be obtained via the load-based speed control which the speed of the cooling tower fans and the condenser water pumps is regulated as a linear function of the chiller part load ratio. It resembles the typical sequencing of chillers based on their load conditions and without the need of high quality humidity sensors to reset the cooling water temperature. The system COP under the optimal control could increase by 1.4% to 16.1% when compared with the equivalent system of fixed temperature and flow rate control for the cooling water leaving the coo ling towers. Improvement in system performance could be achieved by applying variable speed control to the condenser water pumps and the cooling tower fans. To optimize the system, the condenser water flow rate would vary in direct proportion to the chiller load. This results in the control algorithm of pump speed (Spump,op) shown in Equation (1), given that speed is directly proportional to flow rate in accordance with the pump laws. The minimum speed is set at half of the full speed (Spump,full) to ensure the minimum condenser water flow required when the chiller load in terms of part load ratio (PLR) drops to below 0.5. Spump, op = (1) Following the traditional control of cooling water temperature, the controller for tower fan speed modulation has to evaluate the optimum set point (Tctwl,op) and operates the fan at the right speed to meet that set point. Based on the analysis by F. W. Yu and K. T. Chan, it is possible to apply load-based speed control for cooling tower fans so as to achieve optimum system operation. Figure 4 shows data of the optimum fan speed at which the maximum system COP took place for a set of operating conditions in terms of various combinations of PLRs from 0.2 to 1 at 0.1 intervals and wet-bulb temperatures from 16 to 28 DegC at 4 DegC intervals. Using regression analysis, a linear relationship between the optimum fan speed (Sfan,op) and chiller PLR can be obtained as Equation (2) with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9215. Sfan,full denotes the full speed of the tower fans and the constant coefficients would be different for each specific design of the system. Sfan,op = (0.7281PLR + 0.1776) Sfan,full (2) It is expected that the load-based speed control is generic for all types of multiple-chiller systems with full or partial use of variable speed drives for the system components. The optimal control of the whole system could be highly simplified in this way as the sequencing of chillers, pumps and tower fans and their individual speed controls can be based entirely on the chiller load conditions only. The system COP under the optimal control could increase by 1.4% to 16.1% when compared with the equivalent system of fixed temperature and flow rate control for the cooling water leaving the cooling towers. Conclusion Retrofitting the existing air-cooled chiller plant with new water-cooled chiller plant could usually rectify the problems of load mismatching and low reliability of the existing chiller plant. A better system coefficient of performance (COP) and thus more energy efficient would be achieved. The application of water-cooled chiller system is more efficient than the conventional air-cooled system for as much as 35%. Implementation of the load-based speed control for the system could further increase the system COP by as much as around 16%. REFERENCES: F.W. Yu, K.T. Chan, Economic benefits of optimal control for water-cooled chiller systems serving hotels in a subtropical climate, Energy and Buildings (2009) 1-7. F.W.H. Yik, J. Burnett, I. Prescott, A study on the energy performance of three schemes for widening application of water-cooled air-conditioning systems in Hong Kong, Energy and Buildings 33 (2001) 167-182. F.W. Yu, K.T. Chan, Energy signatures for assessing the energy performance of chillers, Energy and Buildings 37 (2005) 739-746. F.W. Yu, K.T. Chan, Optimization of water-cooled chiller system with load-based speed control, Applied Energy 85 (2008) 931-950. Jerry Ackerman, What a Water-Cooled HVAC System Can Do for Your Building, Buildings 102 (3) (2008) 72-76. Jeff Strein, Air- or Water-Cooled, ASHRAE Journal (7) (2009) 11-12. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Code of Practice for Water-cooled Air Conditioning Systems, Part 1: Design, Installation and Commissioning of Cooling Towers 2006 Edition (1) (2007) 1-37. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Energy Efficiency and Conservation for Buildings 1-40. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Air Conditioning Installations 2007 Edition 1-30. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Implementation Study for Water-cooled Air-Conditioning Systems at Wan Chai and Causeway Bay Investigation (7) (2005) 1-31. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Guidelines on Energy Efficiency of Air Conditioning Installations 1998 Edition 1-42. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Energy End-use Data 2008 (9) (2008) 1-39. Ben Erpelding, Real Efficiency of Central Plants, Heating Piping Air Conditioning Engineering (5) (2007) Trane, Implications for Chilled-Water Plant Design, Engineers Newsletter Volume 28 No. 1 1-4. W.L. Lee, Hua Chen, F.W.H. Yik, Modeling the performance characteristics of water-cooled air-conditioners, Energy and Buildings 40 (2008) 1456-1465. Electrical Mechanical Services Department, Territory-Wide Implementation Study for Water-cooled Air Conditioning Systems in Hong Kong (6) (2003) 1-28. Ramez Naguib, Total Cost of Ownership for Air-Cooled and Water-Cooled Chiller Systems, ASHRAE Journal (4) (2009) 42-48. Trane, Promoting the Use of Water Cooled Air Conditioning System, Trane Newsletter 2 (9) (2005) 1-3.

Study of Maruti Suzuki Alto

SDM INSTITUTE FOR MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT| STUDY OF MARUTI SUZUKI ALTO SDM IMD| REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT| | | Submitted to, Dr. H GAYATHRI Submitted by, Anuja Rani (12128) Harish K P (12140) Namratha Subramani (12152) Roshan V Shetty (12158) Sriharsha V (12170) Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT3 INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY4 Historical Background4 Trends in Production6 Drivers of Indian Auto Industry8 Growth forecasts for Indian auto industry10Current industry scenario10 MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA LIMITED12 VISION13 Manufacturing Excellence13 Maruti Suzuki and Motor Sport14 FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA LIMITED14 SALES AND SERVICE NETWORK16 ALTO – Let’s GO19 Alto Variants19 SALES GROWTH OF MARUTI ALTO20 STUDY OF ALTO IN THE CONTEXT OF MARKETING21 SWOT ANALYSIS21 STRENGTHS21 WEAKNESSES21 OPPORTUNITIES22 THREATS22 MARKETING MIX23 PRODUCT23 PRICE23 PROMOTION24 PLACE24 SEGMENTATION, TARGETI NG AND POSITIONING24 ?Segmentation24 ?Targeting25 ?Positioning25 COMPETING PRODUCTS26 Hyundai Motor India Limited26 Models26 Hyundai EON27 Tata Motors27Models27 Tata Nano27 General Motors India Private Limited28 Models28 Chevrolet Spark28 COMPARISON WITH COMPETITORS29 References30 Figures and Tables Figure 1: Category-wise automobile production4 Figure 2: Production Trend6 Figure 3: Percentage change in production7 Figure 4: Trends in production, sales and exports of automobiles8 Figure 5: Key drivers of Indian Auto Industry9 Figure 6: Sales growth of MSIL14 Figure 7: Profit after Tax and Sales Value15 Figure 8: Company Networth over Years15 Figure 9: Growth in Sales Network16 Figure 10: Market share of Passenger car segment. Source SIAM, 12/200917Table 1:Category-wise sales and production of automobile in India7 Table 2: Indian pockets growing deeper9 Table 3: Maruti's Competitors across various segments18 Table 4: Variants of Maruti Alto20 Table 5: Pricing of Maruti Alto Variants2 3 Table 6: Comparison of Alto with Competitors Products29 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The successful completion of this project would not have been possible without the help and constant support of many involved directly or indirectly. The team is grateful to Dr. H Gayathri, Dean – Administration and Professor, SDMIMD, Mysore for giving us an opportunity to conduct this study.The Management and administration of SDMIMD, Mysore has supported and guided us throughout and no amount of words can express our gratitude towards them. Last but not the least; the team is thankful to their parents and family members for their constant support. Group VIII, Section C PGDM 2012-14 INDIAN AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY Indian automobile industry is one of the fastest growing in the world. It is one of those manufacturing industries which have grown significantly since the liberalization of India’s economy in 1990s. The industry is also known for many innovations.In 2010, India has emerged as the second fa stest growing car market in the world next only to China. Sales of two wheelers crossed 10 million units during the year, a first, with all major two-wheeler manufactures registering high double digit growth. India in 2010 is the largest tractor manufacturer, second largest two wheeler manufacturer, fifth largest commercial vehicle manufacturer and the eleventh largest car manufacturer in the world. Figure 1: Category-wise automobile production Historical Background Since its establishment, the Indian automobile industry has undergone constant evolution.Some of the famous car that was manufactured in those times was Ambassador, Fiat 500 and Fiat 1100. In 1953, the government of India modified the regulatory framework and ensured that only those companies which have a manufacturing program in India would be allowed to operate. Seven companies including Hindustan Motors, Premier Automobiles Ltd. and Tata Engineering and Locomotives Company received approval to operate in Indian market . During the decade of 1960s, the three wheeler industry was established in India. In decade of 1980s, Maruti Udyog Ltd. as established and this catalysed the growth of automobile industry significantly. The introduction of Maruti 800 models led to the purchase of more and more vehicles by Indian Consumers. MUL (later named as Maruti Suzuki India Ltd. ) has a technological tie-up with Suzuki Motors of Japan which ensured substantial up-gradation of technology in the Indian car industry. Several multinational players like Mercedes-Benz, Ford, GM, Hyundai, Peugeot and Volvo and Global auto-component firms have also established their bases in India with the view to catering to the demand of not only the domestic market but also to the export markets.Later half of 1990s and early part of 21st century saw the Indian automobile industry making the extensive leap forward. Since then Indian companies have been emerging globally competitive. They have been making significant strides outside the boundaries through mergers and acquisitions. The evolution of Indian auto component industry is closely associated with the trends in the automobile industry due to strong inter-industry linkages. India started manufacturing components locally by establishing tie-ups with multi-national players for technological up-gradation.Hence India became major outsourcing destination for the auto majors of the world. The growth of automobile industry was aided by increased economic activity and infrastructure development, growing middle class population with disposable incomes and availability of consumer finance facilities. India’s turnover and exports have surged over the years. Industry has started establishing manufacturing and marketing base abroad. Since 1991, the number of manufacturing facilities in India has grown significantly.There are around 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multi utility vehicles, around 10 manufacturers of commercial vehicles, around 15 of 2/3 whe elers. The Indian automobile industry accounts around 5% of the national GDP. The turnover of the automobile industry was around US $ 35 billion and that for components industry was at US $ 18 billion in 2007-08. The total investment in automobile and auto components sectors which was estimated to be at Rs 50,000 crores in 2002-03, has gone up to Rs 80,000 crores by the year 2007-08.The saturation of traditional automobile markets of Europe, USA and Japan has led to the increasing growth of automobile market in India. About two decades ago, Indian automobile market was supply driven with few vehicular models, which has changed now to a demand driven market catering to the cross section of the society with more than 150 models and variants. Trends in Production Over the last few years there has been an increase trend in the production of vehicles both in value and quantity terms.The only lean patch in production was during the year 2000-01 and recently in 2007-08 during which the gro wth in absolute number declined marginally. The momentum in the production may increase further with India being considered favourably as a outsourcing destination. Figure 2: Production Trend From the above graph, it can be seen that the production of automobiles is increasing gradually every year but it has reduced in 2007-08 due to recession. The figure 3 shows the percentage change in production of vehicles ever year. Figure 3: Percentage change in production Category| 2003-04| 2004-05| 2005-06| 2006-07| 2007-08| |Production| Sales| Production| Sales| Production| Sales| Production| Sales| Production| Sales| Passenger Vehicles| 989560| 902096| 1209876| 1061572| 1308913| 1143076| 1545223| 1379979| 1762131| 1547985| Commercial Vehicles| 275040| 260114| 353703| 318430| 391078| 351041| 519982| 467765| 545176| 486817| Two Wheelers| 5622741| 5364249| 6529829| 6209765| 7608697| 7052391| 8466666| 7872334| 8026049| 7248589| Three Wheelers| 356223| 284078| 374445| 307862| 434424| 359920| 55 6126| 403910| 500592| 364703| Grand Total| 7243564| 6810537| 8467853| 7897629| 9743112| 8906428| 11087997| 10123988| 10833948| 9648094| Table 1:Category-wise sales and production of automobile in India Figure 4: Trends in production, sales and exports of automobiles The production, sales and exports of automobiles have registered continuous growth from 2002 to 2007 except the year 2007-08. Exports as a percentage of production have also increased during the analysed period. The improvement in the export as a percentage of production from 4. 89% in 2001-02 to 11. 3% in 2007-08 shows the growing capability of the Indian automobile industry to meet the international norms and standards and increasing acceptance of automobiles manufactured from India in the global market. Drivers of Indian Auto Industry The growth of the Indian Auto industry is catalysed by various factors. * The passenger car penetration in India is at 8. 5 vehicles per thousand people absolute terms. It is among the l owest in the world. As per capita GDP of a society grows, mobility needs for its population rapidly increase. * The proportion of young people, who are economically active, is rising in the overall population. This has led to increasing urbanisation and the need for mobility which translates into a higher demand for two and four wheelers in India. Relatively good availability of money and a favourable interest rate regime has also been a strong contributor to sustained demand. * The Indian auto industry is expected to get a boost from the road development programmes that the country has undertaken (Golden Quadrilateral and NSEW corridors). Changing Lifestyle Changing Lifestyle Key Drivers Driversdr Key Drivers Driversdr Exchange of Cars Exchange of Cars Low Car Penetration Low Car Penetration Poor Public Transport System Poor Public Transport System Favourable Duty Structure Favourable Duty Structure Rising Family Income Rising Family Income Improved Infrastructure Improved Infrastr ucture Finance Availability Finance Availability Figure 5: Key drivers of Indian Auto Industry Annual Income in ? No of households in 2010(millions)| Expected household in 2015(millions)| More than 10 lakh| 1. 2| 3. 3| 5 -10 lakh| 2. 4| 5. 5| 2-5 lakh| 10. 9| 55. 1| 90 thousand-2 lakh| 91. 3| 106| Less than 90 thousand| 101. 1| 74. 1| Total| 206. 9| 244| Table 2: Indian pockets growing deeper From the table 2, it can be observed that Annual Income of the households is expected to grow at higher rate. By 2015, it is estimated that the number of households with Annual Income Rs 2-5 lakhs will be around 55 million. Growth forecasts for Indian auto industry * The Passenger Vehicle market of India will even cross Japan by selling about 5 million Vehicles by 2017-18. The Indian auto exports will be up to $5. 62 billion in the year ending march 2011 and the same will grow to $ 17. 64 billion in 2015-16. * India’s share in global auto exports may also triple by 2016. * India’s passenger vehicle production projections: * By 2015 – 5. 1 million vehicles * By 2020 – 9. 7 million Experts state that in the year 2050, India will top the car volumes of all the nations of the world with about 611 million cars running on its roads. Predictions made by Ernst and Young have estimated that the Indian passenger car market will have a growth rate of about 12 per cent per annum over the next five years to reach the production of 3. 5 million units by the year 2014. The analysts have further stated that the industry’s turnover will touch $155 billion by 2016. This achievement will succeed in consolidating India’s position as the seventh largest automobiles manufacturer on the globe, eventually surging forth to become the third largest by the year 2030 behind China and the US. Current industry scenario At present major Indian, European, Korean, Japanese automobile companies are holding significant market shares. In commercial vehicle, Tata Mot ors dominates over 60% of the Indian commercial vehicle market. Tata Motors is the largest medium and heavy commercial vehicle manufacturer.Among the two-wheeler segment, including scooters and mopeds- motorcycles have major share in the market. Hero Motocorp contributes 50% motorcycles to the market while Honda holds 46% share in scooter and TVS makes 82% of the mopeds in the country. In the three wheeler industry in India, Piaggio holds 40% of the market share. Bajaj is the leader by making 68% of the three-wheelers. Car manufacturers in India dominate the passenger vehicle market by 79%. Maruti Suzuki is the largest car producer in India and has 52% share in passenger cars and is a complete monopoly in multi-purpose vehicles. In utility vehicles Mahindra holds 42% share. Hyundai and Tata Motors are the second and third largest car manufacturers in India.MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA LIMITED Maruti Suzuki India limited (MSIL, formerly Maruti Udyog Limited) is a subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Co rporation of Japan. Maruti Suzuki is a leading manufacturer of passenger vehicles in India. It is lovingly referred to as people’s car maker, over the past three decades. Maruti Suzuki has changed the way people in India commute and travel. The Company has two manufacturing facilities located at Gurgaon ; Manesar, south of New Delhi, India. Both the facilities have a combined capacity to produce over a 1. 5 million vehicles annually. The company plans to expand its manufacturing capacity to 1. 75 million by 2013.The Company offers 15 brands and over 150 variants ranging from people's car Maruti 800 to the latest Life Utility Vehicle – Ertiga. The portfolio includes Maruti 800, Alto, Alto K10, A-star, Estilo, WagonR, Ritz, Swift, Swift DZire, SX4, Omni, Eeco, Kizashi, Grand Vitara, Gypsy and Ertiga. In an environment friendly initiative, in August 2010 Maruti Suzuki introduced factory fitted CNG option on 5 models across vehicle segments. These include Eeco, Alto, Estil o, Wagon R and Sx4. With this Maruti Suzuki became the first company in India to introduce factory fitted CNG vehicles. In terms of number of cars produced and sold, the Company is the largest subsidiary of Suzuki Motor Corporation.Cumulatively, the Company has produced over 10 million vehicles since the roll out of its first vehicle on 14th  December, 1983. Maruti Suzuki is the only Indian Company to have crossed the 10 million sales mark since its inception. In 2011-12, the company sold over 1. 13 million vehicles including 1,27,379 units of exports. The Company employs over 9000 people (as on 31st March, 2012). Maruti Suzuki's sales and service network is the largest among car manufacturers in India. The Company has been rated first in customer satisfaction in the JD Power survey for 12 consecutive years. Besides serving the Indian market, Maruti Suzuki also exports cars to several countries in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Africa and Oceania VISIONThe Company believes that thei r core values drive them in every endeavour * Customer Obsession * Fast, Flexible and Fast mover * Innovation and creativity * Networking and Partnership * Openness and Learning Manufacturing Excellence Maruti began its operations in 1983, with the first the Maruti 800 rolling out from its Gurgaon plant. Over the next two decades Maruti Suzuki car models led by Maruti 800 brought about a revolution in the Indian car market. As the automobile market grew so did the company’s production capabilities, production process and infrastructure. Its scale and manufacturing today is completely different from when it began.Today Maruti Suzuki’s plants are comparable with the best in the world in terms of quality, productivity and operational efficiency. Exports In recent years, the company has expanded its presence in the overseas markets. It is not uncommon to find a Suzuki badge car in countries as different as Algeria, Netherlands, Chile, Sri Lanka, France and Italy. The Compa ny has exported over one million units cumulatively. Some leading overseas markets for the Company include advanced Western Markets such as Netherlands, Germany, France and Italy and U. K beside non-European markets like Australia, South Africa, Algeria, Chile, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Nepal.Today, Maruti Suzuki exports models such as A-star, Alto , Estilo, Ritz, M-800 across to over 125 countries. In 2011-12 the Maruti Suzuki exported over 127,300 units. For its sustained efforts in developing new international markets Maruti Suzuki won the Business world International Business Award 2012 (In Exports Auto and Engineering Category). Maruti Suzuki and Motor Sport Maruti Suzuki has been actively promoting motorsports in the country for over a decade now. To popularize action sport, the Maruti Suzuki motorsport calendar is packed with exciting motoring events. Be it for a motorsport enthusiast, an amateur or a professional, there are events that offer the thrill and joy of motorsport t o one and all.The events include Autocross, Treasure Hunt and professional rallies including Maruti Suzuki Raid-de-Himalaya, Maruti Suzuki Desert Storm and Maruti Suzuki Dakshin Dare. These events provide rallying thrills as well as promote safe driving habits. For families, there are events like Women's Fun Drive and Treasure Hunt throughout the year, across cities. This year we will be organizing the fourth edition of Maruti Suzuki Autocar Young Driver contest, a nationwide search for India's best young driving talent. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF MARUTI SUZUKI INDIA LIMITED The performance of Maruti Suzuki India Limited has been showing continuous growth in terms of Sales value and sales volumes. The company has been able to maintain its momentum by adopting to the changing environment.The below graph shows the sales of Maruti Suzuki India Limited Figure 6: Sales growth of MSIL The below graph shows the Sales achieved and the Profit After tax of MSIL over the past 5 years. Figure 7: Profit after Tax and Sales Value The Company’s NETWORTH over the years has continuously increased. The growth in the company’s Networth is depicted in the chart below. Figure 8: Company Networth over Years SALES AND SERVICE NETWORK Maruti Suzuki boasts of the largest Sales and Service network in Indian Passenger Vehicles Market. The company has a Sales Network of 1100 in 801 cities across the country. The Company also has over 2,900 service points pread across 1408 cities across the country. The graph below depicts the growth in the sales network of Maruti Suzuki Figure 9: Growth in Sales Network MAJOR COMPETITORS Maruti Suzuki enjoys a market share of 45% in the Indian Passenger Car Market. However it has been facing stiff competion from other market players such as Hyundai with a market share of 16%, Tata Motors with a market share of 14%, Mahindra with a market share of 8%, Chevrolet with a market share of 4%, Toyota with a market share of 3 % among others. A breaku p of the market share of various players in the passenger car segment is shown below. Figure 10: Market share of Passenger car segment. Source SIAM, 12/2009It may be observed from the above chart and the sales growth of Maruti Suzuki, that the company has been facing stiff competition. The company being the Market Leader has been able to tide through the tough challenges effectively by employing various strategies. The company’s enormous service base and dealer network has enabled it to maintain its stronghold in the Passenger car market. Companies such as Hyundai, Tata Motors and Chevrolet have been launching products targeting the entry level car segment. However Maruti has been able to hold on to its customer base. Various challenging products launched by its competitors are given in the following table. Sl.No| Segment Description| MSIL Products| Competitors Products| 1| Passenger Cars: Mini| M800, A Star, Wagon-R, Alto| Chevrolet Spark and Beat, Tata Nano and Indica, Hyun dai Eon| 2| Passenger Cars: Compact| Swift, Estillo, Ritz| Hyundai i20, Volkswagen Polo, Skoda Fabia, Ford Figo, Fiat Punto, Nissan Micra, Renault Pulse, Honda Brio, Toyota Etios Liva| 3| Passenger Cars: Super Compact| DZire| Tata Indigo, Manza, Mahindra Verito, Hyundai Accent, Chevrolet Optra| 4| Passenger Cars: Mid-Size| SX4| Honda City and Civic, Hyundai Verna, Chevrolet Cruze, Ford Fiesta, Fiat Linea, Nissan Sunny, Toyota Corolla, Renault Fluence| 5| Passenger Cars: Executive| Kizashi| Hyundai Sonata, Honda Accord, Volkswagen Jetta, Skoda Laura, Toyota Camry| 6| Utility Vehicles| Gypsy, Ertiga, Grand Vitara| Toyota Innova, Tata Safari, Sumo, Mahindra Xylo, Scorpio, Renault Duster| 7| Vans| Omni, Eeco| | Table 3: Maruti's Competitors across various segments Even with the kind of competition, Maruti has been able to hold on to its position with its revolutionary products such as the Alto and Swift. Alto has been continuously the highest selling Passenger Car. Swift enjoys a high m arket share in the Compact Hatchback segment.With its presence in 801 cities across the country with over 1300 authorised service centers, Maruti has been able to hold on to its customers. Maruti also faced competition from the used car sales market, for which the company found a novel solution by launching True Value outlets for used cars. ALTO – Let’s GO Maruti Suzuki launched ALTO in the Indian market in 2000. Alto was launched in the entry level Hatchback segment alongside Maruti’s own M800 which was launched in 1983 and since then had revolutionised the Automobile market in India. Alto stood generations ahead of the M800 in terms of technology and interior space. Alto showed the industry what a mass car could offer. It was also the first car that showed that car sales in India could log high sales volumes.Alto achieved cumulative sales of 20 lakhs during March 2011, the highest for any Indian Car. It also recorded the highest ever number of sales for any In dian Car in March 2011 by selling 38,065 units. As of July, 2012, Maruti Suzuki Alto stands at the no 1 position with 17,422 units sold during the period with a share of 9% of overall passenger car sales. It is worth mentioning that the top three spots are all held by Maruti’s Products. Second position is held by Swift at sales of 11,421 units and DZire at sales of 11,413 units. Maruti Alto was also the world’s highest selling small car of the year in 2010. Major Achievements of Maruti Suzuki Alto: 1. World’s Largest Selling small car for two consecutive years. 2.Second Maruti Suzuki brand to sell over 2 million, with the first being Maruti 800. 3. Crossed the 20 lakh sales mark in just 11 years 9 months in June 2012 4. Only car brand in India to cross the 3,00,000 unit sales mark in a single financial year. 5. First Indian Car to successfully pass a 24hrs endurance test. 6. Has been the highest selling car brand in the domestic market consecutively for the past 7 years. Alto Variants Maruti Suzuki launched the Alto brand in various variants such as Standard, LX, LXi. VX and VXi. The table below gives a brief outline of the various variants and the features that it offered Sl. No| Variant| Features offered| 1| Standard| Introduced as the basic model.Had an advantage over M800 in that it had more space and introduced the 5th gear for cruising at high speeds| 2| LX| Model Introduced along with Air Conditioning| 3| LXi| Model Introduced along with Air Conditioning and Power Steering features| 4| VX| This model sported a 4 cylinder V engine along with Air-Conditioning| 5| VXi| This model sported a 4 cylinder V engine along with Air-Conditioning and Power Steering feature| 6| Alto K10| This model was recently launched in 2010 with a powerful 1000cc engine| Table 4: Variants of Maruti Alto Alto has been highly performing in the market and forms the major sales generating cars for Maruti Suzuki.The company’s effective positioning of the br and enabled it to gain the market leader position in a short period of time. With huge growth of the Brand, MSIL slowly and in a phased manner closed down several of its production lines of M800. Thus Alto allowed MSIL to cannibalise its own product. Alto’s Brand name made Suzuki market A-Star under the Alto brand in Europe. Recent Developments: Recently Alto has been facing stiff competition by players such as Chevrolet (GM), Tata Motors and Hyundai. Launch of Tata Nano was expected to eat into the sales of Alto. Chevrolet launched Spark and Eon’s launch by Hyundai have been expected to eat into Maruti Alto’s sales.However the company has adopted aggressive marketing strategies to combat the same. The company launched the Maruti Alto Xplore feature with a number of additional features. Alto K10 introduced in 2010 also helped the company combat some combination, which helped it to maintain combined sales of 20,000 units per month. The company is also expected to launch a new 800cc car to be named as Alto 800, with a price in the sub 2 lakh range making it around 40,000 cheaper than the regular Alto. This may be the company’s answer to Nano from Tata Motors. Maruti’s Alto 800 will replace the Iconic M800 and is likely to cash in on the 28-year legacy that the car has created.Also Maruti is expected to launch the model during the 2012 Indian Festival season to push up sales volumes. SALES GROWTH OF MARUTI ALTO Alto since its inception in 2000 has been posting increasing sales. The sale of Alto in FY 2009 was 212,000 units and grew to 235,000 units in FY 2010. FY 2011 saw sales of 347,000 units and during FY 2012 the brand recorded a sales of 308,000 units. STUDY OF ALTO IN THE CONTEXT OF MARKETING In the course of this work an attempt has been made to study Maruti Alto in the context of Marketing by applying various marketing techniques and models. An effort has been made to apply relevant models to study the success of the bra nd.We start with studying the brand in the context of 4 P’s, make a SWOT analysis on Maruti Alto and discuss the Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning. SWOT ANALYSIS The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats for Maruti Alto as a brand is analysed below STRENGTHS Company Reputation: Maruti enjoys a very good reputation in the Indian Passenger Car Market. The company has built on the reputation from its M800 which revolutionised the market. As a brand Maruti Alto enjoys a similar reputation as the most selling small car. Market Share: Maruti being the market leader in the Passenger car segment enjoys a large market share of over 40%. Alto also enjoys a huge market share in terms of volume sales at around 9% of the overall passenger car sales.Customer Satisfaction: Maruti Suzuki is Ranked No. 1 in J D Power Customer Satisfaction Index consecutively for 12 years. Distribution Effectiveness: Maruti has a vast distribution and service channel. This has helped the compa ny penetrate into the whole geographical reach of India. The company has a total sales network of 1100 dealers and has covered 801 Indian cities. It has over 1305 Dealer workshops and around 1653 authorised service centres spanning 1408 cities. Geographical Coverage: The Company has covered the width and breadth of the Indian Subcontinent. With its huge sales and service network the company has been able to maintain a strong foothold in the market. WEAKNESSESTechnical Manufacturing Skills (Diesel Car Segment): Maruti Suzuki has by far been the best performing company in the passenger car segment in the petrol variants. Its major sales have been in the Petrol variants. However the company lacks experience in the diesel cars manufacturing and is relatively new to the segment. However with the introduction of the diesel versions of Swift and Swift DZire the company has alleviated the absence in this segment. However Alto completely misses out in this segment. The company has recently r eported that it is planning to launch a car with an 800 cc diesel engine. Workforce: Maruti Suzuki has a large workforce; however most of this workforce has been contract personnel.The company has been witnessing regular strikes by the workforce. A recent turmoil at the companies Manesar Plant is evident of the volatile workforce of the company. Export Market: Maruti Suzuki has been the leader in domestic sales; however the company lags behind in exports. Hyundai its closest competitor in the domestic front holds the leader position in exports. Though Alto has made a name in European roads, the company has not been able to capitalise on the same due to lack of experience. OPPORTUNITIES Purchasing Power: The growing purchasing power and Income of the Indian Middle Class family is an opportunity that the company can capitalise upon.Diesel Car Segment: Though Maruti Suzuki and Alto as a brand suffer from their relative absence in the diesel car market, the diesel car segment is a lusci ous opportunity for the company to cash upon. With subsidised diesel prices and better diesel engine technologies in the market, many customers are willing to try diesel cars. Therefore a growing diesel car market segment is an opportunity for Maruti. THREATS Competition from Foreign Players: Maruti Suzuki faces a major challenge from the new players entering the Indian Market from foreign countries. This was already witnessed after the launch of Chevrolet (General Motors) in India. Competition from Second hand / Used Cars Market: Many first timers tend to buy used cars. This eats into the sales of Maruti Suzuki’s products.However the company has been able to alleviate it with the launch of its very own True Value outlets selling used cars. MARKETING MIX An attempt is made to analyse the Brand with reference to the 4 P’s of marketing: Product, Price, Promotion and Place. PRODUCT Large Portfolio of products: Maruti Suzuki has a large variety of products as shown in tabl e 3. Apart from this the company also has a variety of products under its various brands. Maruti launched Alto in a number of variants such as Standard, LX, LXi, Vx and VXi (referred in table 4) Design: Maruti Alto was so designed to increase the interior space of the car in comparison with the M800. Also the car featured a fifth gear which was absent in the erstwhile leader M800.Features: Feature additions have been taking place as per the requirements of the customers. Features such as power windows are now a part of the new models K10 and Xplore. Warranty: MSIL offered a warranty of 2 years or 40,000 kms of running whichever is earlier from the date of delivery to its first owner for all of its cars. Also MSIL provides extended warranty services on payment of a premium. The warranty can be extended to 3 or 4 years (60,000 kms or 80,000 kms). PRICE Various variants of Maruti Alto is priced as per the table below: Sl. No| Model| Price (non Metallic) in Rs| Price (Metallic) in Rs| 1 | Alto Standard| 2,49,477. 98| 2,52,745. 62| | Alto LXI| 3,01,249. 97| 3,04,517. 61| 3| Alto LX| 2,82,489. 77| 2,85,757. 42| 4| Alto K10 LXI| 3,24,319. 31| 3,27,587. 10| 5| Alto K10 VXI| 3,37,736. 80| 3,41,004. 92| Table 5: Pricing of Maruti Alto Variants MSIL has been recently adopting Aggressive pricing to capture higher market share and to counter the attack by other manufacturers such as Hyundai with the launch of EON. Maruti During the initial days of launch of Alto had put Alto under the A2 segment. The A1 segment had only 1 Brand, the M800. The A2 segment contained 3 brands viz. , Alto, Zen and Esteem. Thereby Maruti scaled down the Alto LX model to Alto Standard priced at over 2. 4 Lakhs.This enabled Maruti to play 2 brands in the A1 segment which earlier had only one car. Also it may be noted that Alto initially priced the Alto in the A2 segment as most of the components were imported. Efforts of Import Substitution led to increase in the local content and Maruti was thus a ble to reduce the prices of the models. Maruti is seen adopting aggressive pricing recently. It is reported to be planning the Alto 800 in the sub 2 lakh Rupees segment, cheaper by almost Rs 40,000 than the regular Alto. PROMOTION Maruti Suzuki adopted various sales promotion and Advertising efforts. They target the market with taglines such as â€Å"Ghar Ghar me Maruti†, â€Å"Mera Sapna Mera Maruti†, â€Å"India comes home in a Maruti†.Ads telling Maruti Alto – Lets Go stressed on the fuel efficiency of the cars. Maruti’s Advertisements were targeted at the mileage savvy Indian consumer. Ads in which people would ask a guide â€Å"Kitna Deti Hai† were clearly targeted at the Indian Consumer. The ads noted in the end that â€Å"For a Country Obsessed with Mileage, Maruti makes the most fuel efficient cars†. Maruti also offered discounts during festival seasons to increase its sales volumes. Maruti choose many channels for its promoti on. It advertised on the print media, broadcasted its advertisements and also advertised over the Internet. Alto was promoted everywhere as a fuel efficient Brand. PLACESales Channels: Maruti expanded from a sales network of 375 in 227 cities in 2005-06 to 801 cities in 2011-12 with a total sales network of 1100. The company has a service network spread across 1408 cities. Coverage: Maruti has been able to launch its products across all states of the country. Its sales network presence in 801 cities indicates to the fact that Maruti has been able to launch its products across the Indian Subcontinent. SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING * Segmentation: Maruti Suzuki segmented the market on the basis of income and age. In this way they employed demographic segmentation. * Income: For high income groups models like SX4, Kizashi, Swift Dzire and Ertiga were launched.For middle income groups models like Alto, A Star, Ritz, Wagon-R and Swift under premium hatchback segment were launch ed. * Age: Maruti Alto was targeted at the Indian Youth. The company launched AD campaigns which showcased it as a car for the youth. However the car appealed for all the age segments. * Targeting: Maruti Suzuki targeted the Indian youth and the middle income group. The company looked at the vast population who were looking to switchover from two wheelers to four wheelers. * Positioning: Maruti Suzuki positioned Alto as the car for the youth along with their existing position as a fuel efficient brand. Their advertisements depicted Alto as a fuel efficient small car for the youth.This can be also known from the Maruti Suzuki’s note on Alto as â€Å"Epitomising freedom and independence, the Alto offers high fuel efficiency and is easy on maintenance. The Alto is the perfect option for the ever-mobile youth of today†. COMPETING PRODUCTS Ever since its Launch Maruti’s Alto has been clocking large sales. The company capitalised on the growing Income of the Indian Ho usehold and targeted the Indian Youth. It may be noted that as mentioned earlier, 27% of Alto’s sales came from youth under the age of 29. This was noticed by other major players in the Indian Sector. Thus most of them launched products challenging the position of Maruti Alto. Hyundai, General Motors and Tata Motors came up with products supposed to challenge Maruti Alto.Below a brief discussion is made about these companies and their competing products. Hyundai Motor India Limited Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Company (HMC), South Korea and is the largest car exporter and second largest car manufacture in India. HMIL presently markets models of passenger cars across different categories. HMIL’s manufacturing plant is located near Chennai with the total capacity of 600000 units per annum. It claims to have the most advanced production, quality and testing capabilities in the country. To support its growth and expansion plans, HMIL currently has a 336 strong dealer and 721 strong service points across India.Models The following are the models available currently from the HMIL. 1. Hyundai Accent Executive(Launched 2003) 2. Hyundai Santro Xing(Launched 2003) 3. Hyundai Uber Cool i20(Launched 2008) 4. Hyundai Next Gen i10(Launched 2010) 5. Hyundai Fluidic Verna(Launched 2011) 6. Hyundai EON(Launched 2011) 7. Hyundai Santa Fe(Launched 2010) 8. Hyundai Sonata(Launched 2012) Among these models, Hyundai EON is the nearest competitor for Maruti Alto. It is priced between Rs 2. 7 lakhs to Rs 3. 7 lakhs and gives the Maruti Alto a strong competition. Hyundai EON Maruti is facing stiff challenge from its direct competitor Hyundai Motors after the launch of EON.There was slight slowdown in Alto’s booking and sales ever since HMIL announced the launch of its new product EON. Hyundai EON was also targeted at the same segment of Indian Youth which was the major segment generating revenues for Maruti Alto. EON achieved bookings of 6315 units during October 2011 during which period the sales of Alto clocked 15,197 units. Tata Motors Tata Motors is the India’s largest Automobile manufacturing company, world’s 4th largest truck manufacturer and 2nd largest bus manufacturer. It is ranked 3rd in the passenger car segment. It has auto manufacturing and assembly and assembly plants in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad and Pune.It has also operations in the UK, South Korea, Thailand and Spain through subsidiaries. It has sold over 6. 5 million vehicles in India since 1954. Models Under passenger cars division of Tata Motors, the following are the models available currently. 1. Tata Sumo / Grande / Gold 2. Tata Safari 3. Tata Indica / Vista 4. Tata Indigo / Marina / Manza 5. Tata Nano 6. Tata Xenon XT 7. Tata Aria Among these models, Tata Nano is the significant competitor for Maruti Alto. It is priced very aggressively around Rs 1. 5 lakhs. Tata Nano The Nano was a household name even before its launch. The launch of Tata Nano expanded the Indian car market by 65% (according to CRISIL). At present, the Nano comes with a 4 years / 60000 km warranty.The launch of Nano lessened the price gap between the two wheelers and the four wheelers. The Nano was expected to be a major challenge for the Alto and was expected to eat into the sales of Alto. During October 2011 Nano recorded a sales of 3868 units against Alto’s sales of 15,197 units. General Motors India Private Limited General Motors India Private Limited is the fifth largest automobile manufacturing company in India after Maruti Suzuki, Hyundai, Tata Motors and M&M. In 1996, GM launched its first model Opel Astra. General Motors India manufacturing plant is located at Halol, Gujarat and they entered the Indian Auto market with total investment of US $ 252 million.In 2003, the company entered the MUV segment by launching the Chevrolet brand in India through Forester. In 2004, the comp any launched another MUV model, the Tavera. The Tavera was quite successful in capturing the attention of tours and travels operators after the exit of Toyota Qualis. Following this the company launched various models in different categories under Chevrolet brand. Models GM India motors discontinued all the models under the Opel brand in 2006 and replaced by Chevrolet. The following are the current models available under the Chevrolet brand. 1. Chevrolet Optra (Launched 2003) 2. Chevrolet Tavera(Launched 2004) 3. Chevrolet Aveo / U-VA (Launched 2006) 4. Chevrolet Spark (Launched 2007) 5.Chevrolet Captiva (Launched 2008) 6. Chevrolet Beat (Launched 2010) 7. Chevrolet Cruze (Launched in 2007 and upgraded in 2012) Chevrolet Spark GM launched Chevrolet Spark in 2007 targeting the entry level segment with a price tag between Rs 3. 14 – Rs 3. 68 lakhs. . Chevrolet Spark was also launched on the same platform as that of Alto targeting the youth. Chevrolet introduced additional featu res such as airbags to its variants in Spark. Chevrolet also offered a 3 year / 100000 km warranty for Spark while Maruti offered only a 2 years / 40000 km warranty for Alto. During October 2011 Chevrolet Spark Clocked a sales of 1782 units as against Alto’s sales of 15,197 units.COMPARISON WITH COMPETITORS In the previous section the close competitors of Maruti Suzuki Alto were discussed. Here an attempt is made to compare the brands on various aspects. The table below shows the comparison. Factor of Comparison| ALTO| HYUNDAI EON| TATA NANO| CHEVROLET SPARK| Company Reputation| High| High| High| Good| Brand name| High| High| Good| Good| Product Quality| Good| Good| Good| High| Product Features| Less| Good| Less| Good| Market Share| High| Low| Low| Low| Product Variants| Good| Less| Less| Less| Table 6: Comparison of Alto with Competitors Products It may be noted that Maruti Suzuki Alto stands ahead of its competition.However, during recent times it is seen that the market sh are of the company and the brand has reduced due to other promotional strategies employed by its competitors as well as the features and services offered. Various strategies that may be adopted by Maruti Suzuki to help retain its market share are given below: 1. Product Reformulation: Maruti may adopt various product reformulation strategies to increase its image. The interiors of Alto have been noted to be boring and less spacious. Maruti should work towards improving the interiors of Alto and also to increase the leg space. 2. Feature Additions: Maruti Alto suffered a setback to Hyundai Eon as Eon sported Airbags among other safety features. Maruti can also introduce features such as Airbags, Anti-Lock Braking system and Power Windows. 3.Product Quality Improvement: Maruti Alto was reported to have hard gears in comparison to Hyundai cars. Maruti may work on the same to improve the quality of the cars. References [1] | M. Goyal, â€Å"How Maruti keeps meeting India's demand ; wha t makes Swift and Dzire so popular,† The Economic Times, 19 August 2012. | [2] | â€Å"www. ibef. org/industry/automobiles. aspx,† [Online]. | [3] | â€Å"http://amitbiswal. blogspot. in/2011/08/market-share-analysis-of-indian-car. html,† [Online]. | [4] | S. R. Anjan Ghosh, â€Å"Indian Passenger Vehicle Industry: Growth Momentum To Continue†. | [5] | M. M. Mr. S. Prahalathan, â€Å"Indian Automotive Industry:At The Crossroads,† Quest Publications, 2008. [6] | Maruti Suzuki India Ltd, â€Å"Annual Report 2011-2012†. | [7] | â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Maruti_Suzuki,† [Online]. | [8] | M. Singh, â€Å"Maruti Adapts Aggressive Marketing Strategy For Alto To Combat EON Effect,† Caredekho. com, 20 October 2011. | [9] | â€Å"http://bestsellingcarsblog. com/category/india/,† [Online]. | [10] | â€Å"http://management-punditz. blogspot. in/2012/04/indian-automobile-statistics-fy-2012. html,† [Online]. | [11] | â€Å"http://www. marutisuzuki. com/,† [Online]. | [12] | N. S. Gupta, â€Å"Maruti may position Alto in the A segment,† The Economic Times, 23 April 2004. | [13] | â€Å"http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India,† [Online]. |

Inflation in Indonesia

Article about Inflation Subject: Economy Submitted: Thursday, 29 November 2012 By: ID: 014201000039 Name: Joseph Amos P President University, Cikarang Baru, Bekasi, Indonesia 2012 Economics is the most important aspect of a country. The reciprocation of a country is seen in terms of economy. Economics also become a benchmark of development and prosperity in a country. Why does the economy become vitally important in a country? The word â€Å"economy† you hear about in everyday life and are never separated from our activities. Everything we do from opening the eyes to close my eyes again is inclusive of economic activity.Someone who is able to manage the economy well, it will be seen by other people because of management's ability. Likewise with a country, a country will be seen by other countries through the economy. So what about the Indonesian economy itself? Definition of Inflation Inflation is the tendency of the general prices for general ascending and continuous or sympt oms can also be said of a continued rise in the prices of goods and factors of production general continuously within a certain period. Keep in mind that the increase in the price of one or two items not called inflation.Causes of Inflation, can be divided into Demand Side Inflation, which is caused by an increase in aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply increases Supply Side Inflation, which is caused by an increase in aggregate supply exceeds aggregate demand Demand Supply Inflation, inflation is caused by a combination of an increase in aggregate demand which is then followed by an increase in aggregate supply, so prices rise higher into Suppressed Inflation or a cover-up, the inflation at a time will arise and show themselves as the official prices increasingly irrelevant in reality Classification of Inflation . Based on the Presence of Severe Inflation Inflation Lightweight (under 10% a year) Inflation Medium (between 10-30% a year) Inflation weight (between 50-100% a year) Hyper inflation (over 100% a year) 2. By The reasons for the beginning of Inflation Inflation demand, because the demand for various goods too strong Cost Inflation, due to rising production costs 3. Based on the origin of inflation Domestic Inflation, inflation stemming from domestic Imported Inflation, Inflation overseas Impact of Inflation PositiveIf inflation is mild, it has a positive effect in terms of stimulating the economy could be better, which is to increase the national income and get people excited to work, save and invest. People who rely on income based benefits, such as employers, are not harmed by the inflation. So it is with employees who work in companies with payroll following the rate of inflation. For people who borrow money from the bank (debtor), inflation is beneficial, because when debt payments to creditors, the value of money are lower than at the time of borrowing.Instead, the lender or the lender will lose money because the value of the refund is lower than at the time of borrowing. For producers, inflation can be profitable if the income is higher than the increase in production costs. When this happens, the manufacturers will be forced to double its production (usually occurs in large employers). Negative Impact of Inflation In the event of uncontrolled inflation (hyperinflation), the state of the economy went into chaos and felt sluggish economy.People become excited about work, savings, or investments and production as prices rise rapidly. The fixed income earners such as civil servants or private employees, and the workers will also be overwhelmed bore and offset the price so that their lives are wasting away and fell from time to time. For people who have a fixed income, inflation is very detrimental. Let's take the example of a retired civil servant in 1990. In 1990, his pension is enough to meet their needs, but in the year 2003-or thirteen years later, the purchasing power of money may only live a half.That is, retiremen t is no longer enough money to make ends meet. Inflation also causes people reluctant to save because the value of the currency goes down. Indeed, savings earn interest, but if the inflation rate on the interest, value for money is still declining. If people are reluctant to save money, businesses and the investment will be difficult to develop. Due to growing business needs of the bank's funds earned from savings. Conclusion Indonesia's economy had experienced the ups and downs of the early proclamation to the reform era as it is today.Various strategies have been adopted by the Ministers of Indonesia's economy in order to build a strong economy. Peak, Indonesia experienced a dramatic decline during the economic crisis that caused the inflation rate rising so rapidly at the end of the New Order era. The unemployment rate increased rapidly causing poverty increased rapidly as well. However, with each passing era into the era of economic reform Indonesia gradually showed improvement. Nurfaidah, R (2010). â€Å"Perekonomian Indonesia 2010. † http://kandankilmu. blogspot. com/search/label/Articles [Accessed 27 November 2012] Sadli, M (2006). Inflasi dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia† http://kolom. pacific. net. id/ind/prof_m. _sadli/artikel_prof_m. _sadli/inflasi_dan_pertumbuhan_ekonomi_di_indonesia. html [Accessed 27 November 2012] Bayutube86 (2009). â€Å"Makalah Tentang Inflasi dan Dampaknya† http://cafe-ekonomi. blogspot. com/2009/05/makalah-tentang-inflasi-dan-dampaknya. html [Accessed 27 November 2012] Aryati, S (2010). â€Å"Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Sangat Kuat† http://fararirureroduty. blogspot. com/2010/11/pertumbuhan-ekonomi-indonesia-sangat. html [Accessed 27 November 2012]

Addiction Research Paper - 2752 Words

Morgan Azbill English 1111 Addiction: A Disease or A Weakness? Addiction- a primary, chronic, neurobiologic disease, with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is characterized by behaviors that include one or more of the following: impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving. The difference between addiction and abuse is often times unclear. It’s a difficult call to make as a family member or a close friend that is dealing with a person like this in their life, but ultimately it is a call that only the addict can make for themselves. There are tons of different sources and tests and questions out there that can be done that can†¦show more content†¦That is an insanely high number that could be lowered if we are doing our best to pay attention to these children that are crying out for help in one way or another. It doesn’t have to lead people in to a long and dreadful life of drinkin g and drugging there are steps that can be taken to prevent that and professionals to talk to help people work through that before they reach addiction. In many situations, the issues start early on in the childhood and teenage years and it continues to get worse as they get older. Children who start drinking in their teenage years are much more likely to develop problems with drinking and drugs then those who wait until they are 21. There are plenty of parents that do all they can to stop their kids from doing drugs and try to get them the help that they need to deal with whatever issues they are having and it still doesn’t stop them. While at the same time many parents look the other way and don’t want to believe that their kids are doing it or don’t see it as a big issue. They think they are just kids and this is what kids do and they will grow out of it, and some kids do grow out of it and they move on and they have amazing lives, which is an example of drug abuse. Once the person get in to trouble, or someone gets hurt, or something more important comes up in life they are able to just give it up for good. Addicts can’t give it up that easily. When the person is destroying relationships, losing jobs, andShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Addiction Research Paper2729 Words   |  11 Pagesdrink. For that reason, alcoholics usually drink to excess despite the consequences. Alcoholism, like any addiction, is a chronic disorder which involves continued use despite negative consequences and requires ongoing treatment and management. This research paper will cover many aspects of alcoholism including the causes and effects of drinking and different treatment approaches. Alcohol Addiction: A Growing Epidemic Alcohol’s importance in our social history is significant. Even more significantRead MoreDrug Addiction Research Paper723 Words   |  3 PagesClovis Oncologys Rubraca, and Tesaros Zejula. Its really very easy for a whole field to almost get stalled because of what is effectively an erroneous result, says Christopher Lord, leader of the gene function team at the Institute of Cancer Research in London. Notably, the process of finding synthetic lethal gene pairs that could kill cancer cells was arduous and riddled with technical challenges. Until recently, big drug firms and academic researchers spent much time and energy screeningRead Moredrug addiction1059 Words   |  5 PagesReseach Paper About Drug Addiction Introduction These days, drugs can be found everywhere, and it may seem like everyone s doing them. Lots of people are tempted by the excitement or escape that drugs seem to offer. But learning the facts about drugs can help you see the risks of chasing this excitement or escape. And just as there Premium4645 Words19 Pages Research Paper About Computer Addiction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study It is known that we are living in technologicalRead MoreTendencies of Developing an Addiction1615 Words   |  7 PagesTendencies of developing an addiction – from reward to motivation Despite the fact that these studies give an overview of how a pleasurable effect can lead to addiction, they do not fully answer the question as to why some people are more prone to this disorder than others. To clarify this uncertainty, factors from all levels of analysis need to be examined. The studies above are fairly reductionist as they only focus on the effect of neurotransmission of dopamine in addictive behaviour and doRead MoreBehavioral Addictions And Substance Abuse Addictions994 Words   |  4 Pageswith other behavioral addictions were in the Impulse Control Disorders category of the DSM-III and DSM-IV (Clark, 2014). Behavioral Addictions are said to be around for hundreds of years. For example, gambling was part of daily life in ancient Greece. (Hekster, 2002). In the first edition of American Psychiatric Association in 1812, there was detailed mention of excessive sexual desire (Rush, 1812). Yet, behavioral addictions has only recently been considered as an addict ion in the recent years.Read MoreEssay on Burn the Fuse of Drug Abuse667 Words   |  3 Pages Addiction and abuse of drugs have remained an unexplainable circumstance, even till today. A mistaken assumption is that drug abusers lack moral principles, and if given a chance or in the presence of will power, their selections could be altered. In reality, drug addiction is known as a complex disease and requires more than will power or mere good intentions to change. Due to the fact that drug addiction could change the way the brain works, with time, the brain promotes compulsive drug abuseRead MoreEssay on The Concept of Dual Addiction1232 Words   |  5 PagesThe Concept of Dual Addiction This research paper will focus on the concept of dual addiction specifically, that of alcohol addiction and simultaneous nicotine addiction. I should make note at this point of my personal interest in the addictive process is a result of the existence of addiction in my family. I have experienced and observed the chaos, hardships and tragedies in my family as a result of the progressive nature of the addiction process. First, I would like to provide a general definitionRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Addiction Among Nurses1121 Words   |  5 Pagesgrounded in evidence-based practice relating to your research question or problem of interest? The question of interest I choose is; impaired nurses that choose not to seek help, are disciplinary policy that are punitive a factor in the choice not to seek help. I used Medline, a few nursing journal sites, and the EBSCO Library to look for information related to my research question. The article I found is Don’t ask don’t tell : substance abuse and addiction among nurses, this article is from the JournalRead MoreThe Brain‚Äà ´s Rewarding System Addiction1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brain’s Rewarding System Addiction Biopsychology Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the article, â€Å"The Brain’s Rewarding System Addiction† (2004) by Katharine P. Bailey, MSN. In this article, I did not find a general hypothesis. Studies in this article show that most drugs directly or indirectly cause selective elevation of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens (NA), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the limbic system, consequently called theRead MoreDrug Addiction and Drugs1219 Words   |  5 PagesDrugs Addiction Miami Beach Senior High Ashley Gonzalez Ms. Cooper/Mr.Sussman English II-Period Three 06 March 2013 Drugs Addiction Topic and Thesis Statement Miami Beach Senior High Topic: Drugs Thesis Statement: In an examination of drugs I will discuss causes of this disease/or social dilemma. I will also discuss the effect of drugs on individuals, families and society.